Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant primary bone tumor that predominantly affects adolescents. Despite the widespread application of standard treatment modalities, including surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the long-term survival rate of patients remains unsatisfactory due to the high metastatic potential and drug resistance of the disease. In recent years, researchers have focused on developing more precise in vitro models that aim to better simulate the tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of drug screening and personalized therapy. This review summarizes the latest advances in osteosarcoma in vitro modeling, including the development of conventional two-dimensional culture systems, three-dimensional culture platforms, organoid models, and microfluidic chips designed to mimic the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, this review explores the application value of these models in drug screening, immune coculture systems, and personalized treatment strategies. The integration of multiomics data and artificial intelligence is also discussed as a means to optimize model design and facilitate precision oncology. Biomimetic in vitro models have the potential to more accurately replicate tumor heterogeneity, cell–cell interactions, and the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, thereby increasing the translational value of preclinical drug development. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges in the field, including the lack of standardized protocols, issues with model stability and reproducibility, and the practical integration of these models into preclinical research pipelines.

Iron is indispensable for the viablility of nearly all living organisms, and it is imperative for cells, tissues, and organisms to acquire this essential metal sufficiently and maintain its metabolic stability for survival. Disruption of iron homeostasis can lead to the development of various diseases. There is a robust connection between iron metabolism and infection, immunity, inflammation, and aging, suggesting that disorders in iron metabolism may contribute to the pathogenesis of arthritis. Numerous studies have focused on the significant role of iron metabolism in the development of arthritis and its potential for targeted drug therapy. Targeting iron metabolism offers a promising approach for individualized treatment of arthritis. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which the body maintains iron metabolism and the impacts of iron and iron metabolism disorders on arthritis. Furthermore, this review aimed to identify potential therapeutic targets and active substances related to iron metabolism, which could provide promising research directions in this field.

In recent decades, significant progress has been made in liver tissue engineering through the use of 3D bioprinting technology. This technology offers the ability to create personalized biological structures with precise geometric design capabilities. The complex and multifaceted nature of liver diseases underscores the need for advanced technologies to accurately mimic the physiological and mechanical characteristics, as well as organ-level functions, of liver tissue in vitro. Bioprinting stands out as a superior option over traditional two-dimensional cell culture models and animal models due to its stronger biomimetic advantages. Through the use of bioprinting, it is possible to create liver tissue with a level of structural and functional complexity that more closely resembles the real organ, allowing for more accurate disease modeling and drug testing. As a result, it is a promising tool for restoring and replacing damaged tissue and organs in the field of liver tissue engineering and drug research. This article aims to present a comprehensive overview of the progress made in liver tissue engineering using bioprinting technology to provide valuable insights for researchers. The paper provides a detailed account of the history of liver tissue engineering, highlights the current 3D bioprinting methods and bioinks that are widely used, and accentuates the importance of existing in vitro liver tissue models based on 3D bioprinting and their biomedical applications. Additionally, the article explores the challenges faced by 3D bioprinting and predicts future trends in the field. The progress of 3D bioprinting technology is poised to bring new approaches to printing liver tissue in vitro, while offering powerful tools for drug development, testing, liver disease modeling, transplantation, and regeneration, which hold great academic and practical significance.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involving complex genetic, immune, and environmental interactions. Current in vitro models fail to fully replicate the human psoriatic microenvironment, while animal models are limited by species differences and ethical concerns, restricting their applicability in pathogenesis studies and drug screening. Here, we present a human-derived in vitro psoriasis model constructed via 3D bioprinting. By optimizing the bioink composition, we fabricated a full-thickness skin model with a vascularized dermal layer and a dense stratified epidermis. Cell viability in the bioprinted skin exceeded 90% after 7 days. The full-thickness skin exhibited a TEER value of ~383 kΩ, reflecting native-like barrier integrity. Psoriatic features, including epidermal hyperplasia and upregulated inflammatory cytokines, were successfully induced through TNF-α and IL-22 stimulation. Structural and functional analyses confirmed that the model closely mimics the pathological hallmarks of psoriasis. Furthermore, drug testing showed that both Tofacitinib and Danshensu effectively reduced IL-22 and TNF-α expression by more than 60%, while concurrently enhancing LOR expression by nearly 2-fold, reflecting improved epidermal differentiation. This study highlights the potential of 3D bioprinting in developing physiologically relevant skin disease models, providing a robust platform for psoriasis research and preclinical drug testing.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a prevalent chronic disease worldwide, but its underlying etiology and molecular mechanisms are complex, and there are currently no effective clinical treatments. Animal models for studying NAFLD have limitations, necessitating the development of novel in vitro models. In this study, a bioink was first optimized for the cultivation of liver tissue. Subsequently, 3D bioprinting technology was utilized to construct large-scale liver tissue with a vascular-like function in vitro using the optimized bioink. Thereafter, the printed HepaRG cells were induced to form liver organoids. Compared with traditional liver tissue models, 3D-printed liver tissue has superior hepatic functions and greater cell viability. Moreover, the storage of glycogen and the formation of bile canaliculi-like structures were observed within it. Subsequently, 3D-printed liver tissue was induced to establish a NAFLD model, which was confirmed by lipid droplet analysis, liver function assays, and cell viability assessments. Additionally, this NAFLD model was used for drug testing and analysis. Our study successfully constructed a functional NAFLD model, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying NAFLD, facilitates the development of related pharmaceuticals, and promotes the development of new therapeutic strategies.