Mucoadhesive formulations have a wide scope of application for both systemic and local treatment of various diseases. In the case of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, to ensure effective therapy, the concentration of corticosteroids, and/or anesthetics at the mouth ulcer side should be maintained with minimal systemic absorption. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate cellulose-based formulations, in achieving suitable hardness, mucoadhesiveness, and sustained release of the active ingredients directed towards the mucosa for an extended period of time (∼4 h). This was examined by creating polymer reinforced cellulose composites which consisted of porous cellulose discs (CD) and different polymer components namely polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400), and ethyl cellulose. Empty CDs were formed by dropping dissolved cellulose into coagulation medium. The empty porous CDs were immersed into different drug loading solutions which were prepared by dissolving three different concentrations of triamcinolone acetonide and lidocaine hydrochloride in five different ratios of PEG 6000:PEG 400:ethanol (w:w:w %) solutions. All formulations were investigated regarding drug content, release, hardness, and mucoadhesive properties. The results indicate that the non-dispersing buccal discs had sufficient hardness, drug content and in vitro release properties, but further studies are needed to achieve proper mucoadhesiveness.