Flavonoids comprise a large group of structurally diverse polyphenolic compounds of plant origin and are abundantly found in human diet such as fruits, vegetables, grains, tea, dairy products, red wine, etc. Major classes of flavonoids include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, and chalcones. Owing to their potential health benefits and medicinal significance, flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of medicinal, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic preparations. Moreover, flavonoids play a significant role in preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which could be mainly due to their antioxidant, antiatherogenic, and antithrombotic effects. Epidemiological and in vitro/in vivo evidence of antioxidant effects supports the cardioprotective function of dietary flavonoids. Further, the inhibition of LDL oxidation and platelet aggregation following regular consumption of food containing flavonoids and moderate consumption of red wine might protect against atherosclerosis and thrombosis. One study suggests that daily intake of 100 mg of flavonoids through the diet may reduce the risk of developing morbidity and mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) by approximately 10%. This review summarizes dietary flavonoids with their sources and potential health implications in CVDs including various redox-active cardioprotective (molecular) mechanisms with antioxidant effects. Pharmacokinetic (oral bioavailability, drug metabolism), toxicological, and therapeutic aspects of dietary flavonoids are also addressed herein with future directions for the discovery and development of useful drug candidates/therapeutic molecules.

This Study aimed to characterise the phenolic compounds in Garcinia pedunculata extract and assess their potential antioxidant activity as well as its cardioprotective potential in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in an experimental animal model. In vitro antioxidant properties were determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, PMD assays. In vitro lipid peroxidation experiment was also performed with heart tissues. Cardioprotective and cardiotoxicity effects were determined using the cell line studies. The cardioprotective effect of GP was assessed in a rat model of isoproterenol-(ISO-) induced cardiac hypertrophy by subcutaneous administration. Heart weight/tail length ratio and cardiac hypertrophy indicators were reduced after oral administration of GP. Additionally, GP reduced oxidative stress and heart inflammation brought on by ISO. In H9c2 cells, the antihypertrophic and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of GP were seen in the presence of ISO, which were further supported by the in vivo observations. This study makes a compelling case for the possibility that supplementing with dried GP fruit can prevent heart hypertrophy by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Musa balbisiana Colla, belonging to the family Musaceae, is well-known for its nutritional and pharmacological properties. The present study analyses the phytochemical content and evaluated the nutritional, antioxidant, anti-glycation, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition potential of M. balbisiana seed. In addition, bioenergetic profiles of the bioactive fraction of M. balbisiana seeds against oxidative stress-related mitochondrial and cellular dysfunction were studied using XFe24 extracellular flux analyzer for the first time. M. balbisiana seeds have high nutritional values with ample amounts of carbohydrates, starch, protein, and minerals (Ca, Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn). Bioactivity-guided fractionation of M. balbisiana seed methanolic extract yield ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fraction. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) showed the highest antioxidant, anti-glycation, and phytochemical content as compared to other fractions. EAF also showed lower α-amylase inhibition and higher α-glucosidase inhibition activity. GCMS analysis revealed the presence of 14 phytochemical compounds that have not been reported previously from M. balbisiana seed. A strong correlation between the biological activities and total phenolic/tannin content was observed. In addition, M. balbisianaseeds improved the bioenergetic profiles of free fatty acid-induced oxidative stress with a concomitant increase in ATP production, respiratory and glycolytic capacity. Therefore, M. balbisiana seed can be a natural supplement to boost antioxidant levels and fight against oxidative stress and non-enzymatic glycation.