The urothelium displays mechano- and chemosensory functions via numerous receptors and channels. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) detects extracellular calcium and modulates several physiological functions. Nonetheless, information about the expression and the role of CaSR in lower urinary tract has been absent. We aimed to determine the existence of urothelial CaSR in urinary bladder and its effect on micturition function. We utilized Western blot to confirm the expression of CaSR in bladder and used immunofluorescence to verify the location of the CaSR in the bladder urothelium via colocalization with uroplakin III A. The activation of urothelial CaSR via the CaSR agonist, AC-265347 (AC), decreased urinary bladder smooth muscle (detrusor) activity, whereas its inhibition via the CaSR antagonist, NPS-2143 hydrochloride (NPS), increased detrusor activity in in vitro myography experiments. Cystometry, bladder nerve activities recording, and bladder surface microcirculation detection were conducted to evaluate the effects of the urothelial CaSR via intravesical administrations. Intravesical AC inhibited micturition reflex, bladder afferent and efferent nerve activities, and reversed cystitis-induced bladder hyperactivity. The urothelial CaSR demonstrated a chemosensory function, and modulated micturition reflex via regulating detrusor activity. This study provided further evidence of how the urothelial CaSR mediated micturition and implicated the urothelial CaSR as a potential pharmacotherapeutic target in the intervention of bladder disorders.

Background: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) often coexists with anxiety and depression. This study assessed whether adding psychological intervention (PI) to standard pharmacotherapy improves patient outcomes. Methods: One hundred sixty eight adult patients diagnosed with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) were recruited for this study. They were randomly divided into control and PI groups. All patients in both groups received a 30-day standard prostatitis pharmacotherapy regimen with levofloxacin and tamsulosin. Additionally, the 84 patients in the PI group received PIs, unlike those in the control group. The self-rating depression scale and self-rating anxiety scale were employed to assess the psychological symptoms before and 3 months after the therapeutic treatments. Results: Following treatment, the PI group exhibited significantly better recovery from symptoms of anxiety, depression, and prostatitis compared to the control group. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that patients with longer disease durations had higher self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale, and National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index Scale scores. The study demonstrated that PI has positive early effects on patients with CP/CPPS. However, its efficacy decreases as the duration of the disease progresses. Conclusion: The combination of PI and conventional antibiotics is effective for CP/CPPS patients with longer disease course and more severe symptoms. Early PI is recommended to achieve better therapeutic results.

Objective: To validate a method for predicting the number of urinary lithiasis patients based on the number of hospitalbeds in a region by analysing its correlation with relevant variables.Method: The study was conducted in August and September 2023 in Guangxi Guilin region of China, and comprised datacollected from governmental and organisational sources on the number of urinary lithiasis patients, hospital beds, grossdomestic product per capita, education, and living standards in the specific area. Descriptive, correlation, and multipleregression statistical data along with geographic information system parameters were noted. Data was analysed usingPrism 10.Results: A positive correlation was found for the number of urinary lithiasis patients with the total population and thenumber of hospital beds, but no correlation was found with gross domestic product per capita. The number of urinarylithiasis patients could be calculated using the formula: y = 0.44x - 38.252, where y was the number of patients, and x wasthe number of hospital beds.Conclusion: The detection rate of district-specific diseases as positively linked to the number of hospital beds and the areapopulation. The method provided a benchmark for detecting common diseases in other regions and offered practical earlywarning option for prevention and early intervention.Keywords: Region, Detection rate of the disease, Total number of beds, Correlations, Forecast.

Objective: To explore the effects of hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia on microbial bacteria in culture-positive Urinary tract infections (CP-UTIs). Methods: A multicenter retrospective analysis method was used to collect 243 urine samples from patients with Urinary tract infections in 6 hospitals of different levels in different regions of mainland China from 2023 to 2024 for bacterial flora analysis. They were divided into the culture-positive Urinary tract infections（CP-UTIs） group and the culture-negative Urinary tract infections（CN-UTIs）group. The data of serum glucose, serum uric acid, urine pH, urine glucose, and midstream urine culture results were statistically analyzed using Prism and SPSS software. Results: There were significant differences in Age between male and female patients ( P = 0.0049<0.05 ) and in serum uric acid levels ( P <0.0001). There were also significant differences in the microbial flora between patients with normal serum uric acid levels and those with hyperuricemia, as well as between patients with Urinary tract infections ( P 0.05). Conclusion: Contrary to previous research findings, our investigation revealed that not only serum glucose but also serum uric acid exerts a significant influence on the microbial flora associated with urinary tract infections. This discovery holds considerable implications for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections in adults.

Background: Lactational mastitis (LM) is a common postpartum inflammatory disorder. Fentanyl and sufentanil are widely used for labor analgesia; however, their association with postpartum LM and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort study including 201 women was conducted to evaluate the association between sufentanil-based neuraxial labor analgesia and the occurrence of postpartum LM using logistic regression. In parallel, network pharmacology, protein–protein interaction analysis, Gene Ontology/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment, and molecular docking were performed to explore fentanyl- and sufentanil-related molecular targets and potential mechanisms. Results: Women receiving sufentanil-based neuraxial labor analgesia had a higher incidence of LM than women without labor analgesia, and logistic regression showed increased odds of LM in the exposed group (odds ratio = 8.758). Network pharmacology identified 20 shared targets between the drugs and LM, with core nodes including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL6, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ESR1, and NR3C1, which were mainly enriched in inflammation- and stress-related pathways such as NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and HIF-1. Molecular docking indicated that both opioids could form stable interactions with multiple targets involved in inflammation, endocrine regulation, and cell survival. Discussion: The clinical findings suggest a potential association between sufentanil-based neuraxial labor analgesia and postpartum LM, while the network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses provide hypothesis-generating evidence for opioid-related inflammatory, immune, endocrine, and tissue-repair pathways. Prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and clarify causality.