Over the past five years, the pilot establishment of national parks in China has been a major event in global biodiversity conservation. The national parks under construction and proposed account for nearly 1% of the land area, and their social impacts have attracted the attention of researchers and managers. However, most of the research has a focus on the effects of protection, and national parks do not have a sufficient understanding of the social impacts and perceptions of the local residents. This research, taking Nanling National Park in Guangdong Province as the case, used the social impact assessment research framework to explore the perceptions and support of local people for the creation of national parks. Through questionnaires and in-depth interviews, the findings were first that most residents expressed a low awareness of Nanling National Park’s development, but they still expressed conditional support. Second, ethnic minorities and less educated residents did not support the creation of national parks. Perceptions of ecological, economic, political, and cultural impacts affected whether residents supported the construction of national parks. In the initial stages of national park development, governmental administrative departments should reduce the negative impacts of national park construction by strengthening the publicity and awareness building, formulating appropriate policy guidance for different needs, and giving local residents the right to express their views, so as to enhance resident support for national park projects.

Limited by China’s mixed land ownership model, which is divided into collective and state ownership, national parks’ strict ecological protection measures of restricting land use patterns and intensity are subject to the decisions made by collective landowners and contract operators, namely, rural households in national park communities. The disposition and intention of community farmers regarding collective land ownership is related to the nature conservation effect of the national park. In the context of national park land functions for ecological conservation, environmental education, leisure and recreation, scientific research, and “nest eggs” (basic living guarantees), the research on the influencing factors of farmers’ intentions to reallocate their land (expropriated or transferred) will provide a basis for a National Parks Administration (NPA) to develop supporting policies for collective land reallocation in different functional zones and to prevent community conflicts. The research took Shennongjia National Park as an example and, combined with literature analysis, used the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to explore the influencing factors of community farmers’ land reallocation intentions and drew the following conclusions: farmers’ intentions to leave their land for nature conservation purposes and for urbanization purposes are different. In the five land function situations above, farmers’ perceptions of land function in national parks did not directly affect their land reallocation intentions, while their trust in the land management ability of NPA was a complete mediator. Farmers’ preferences for the economic value of land had no significant moderating effect on land reallocation intentions. Farmers’ characteristics have a moderating effect on different land function situation models. Older and less educated farmers are more likely to receive livelihood compensation rather than monetary compensation after leaving their land. Therefore, some management suggestions are put forward, such as strengthening the capacity for building national park land and other natural resources management, adapting to the collective land policy in different function zones, and paying attention to the livelihood compensation of community farmers after they leave the land.

【目的】国家公园旅游发展会影响社区生计转型与生态保护成效，对地方发展和实现保护目标至关重要。因此，探究居民旅游利益感知如何有效传导为生态保护行为具有重要现实价值。【方法】本文基于2022—2023年湖北神农架国家公园半结构化访谈资料与542份居民调查问卷，采用定向文本分析与偏最小二乘结构方程模型（PLS-SEM），以社会交换理论为框架，检验旅游多维利益感知对社区居民生态保护行为的影响机制，并进一步探讨居民幸福感的中介效应与制度信任的调节效应及其群组差异。【结果】①社区居民的经济、社会与文化利益感知对其生态保护行为具有显著正向影响；环境利益感知受外部性与滞后性影响，对该路径的作用不显著。②居民幸福感是促成其生态保护行为的重要情感机制。③制度信任在文化利益感知与居民幸福感向生态保护行为转化的链条中发挥正向调节效应，但在信任水平较低的搬迁社区该调节效应明显减弱。④国家公园社区居民生态保护行为受多维旅游利益感知与情感机制共同驱动，且在不同社区类型间存在路径差异。【结论】本文拓展了社会交换理论在强公共治理情境中的适用性，并探讨了其作用边界。国家公园社区居民生态保护行为呈现“利益感知—幸福感—生态保护行为”的链式传导机制，其作用发挥取决于旅游发展与制度供给能否提供可兑现利益并降低交换不确定性。应以程序与分配公平促进制度信任生成，推动社区居民生态保护行为的持续性，并对不同社区类型实施差异化治理。