In the present work, the adsorption mechanism and capacity of MWCNTs/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposite as an adsorbent were investigated. Levofloxacin (LFX), a widely used antibiotic, was selected as a hazardous model contaminant in aqueous solutions. The surface and inner characterization of MWCNTs/CoFe₂O₄ was obtained via SEM/TEM, XRD, BET/BJH, and pH_PZC. These analyses indicated that MWCNTs/CoFe₂O₄ possess excellent surface and pore characteristics, e.g., specific surface area, pore volume, and mean pore diameter, which were 72 m²/g, 0.51 cm³/g, and 65 nm, respectively. The results demonstrate that by supplementing 1 g/L of MWCNTs/CoFe₂O₄ at experimental conditions of pH value of 5, temperature of 30 °C, initial LFX concentration of 50 mg/L and mixing time of 90 min, a significant outcome of 99.3% removal was achieved. To identify the phenomenon of adsorption, the thermodynamic parameters of ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated, which indicated that the nature of LFX adsorption onto MWCNTs/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposite was endothermic and spontaneous. Nine isotherm models, including four two-parameter and five three-parameter models, were investigated. In addition, the regression coefficient as well as five error coefficient models were calculated for nonlinear isotherm models. According to the goodness of fit tests, the equilibrium data were well coordinated with the Freundlich and Sips isotherms. The kinetics study showed that the LFX adsorption data well fitted with pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption of LFX molecules occurred through several stages from surface to intraparticle diffusion. In conclusion, the present work evinces that LFX wastewater can be efficiently treated via an adsorption process using a MWCNTs/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposite.

Background: Medicine’s success relies on solubility, which is the process of dissolving a solid substance in a fluid phase to create a uniform molecular dispersion. However, hydrophobic active medicinal components exhibit poor solubility in water, limiting their effectiveness and incorporation into medications. Aim: This review explores the potential of nanoemulsions as a solution for delivering hydrophobic medicinal components with low solubility. The study investigates the benefits of nanoemulsions, including enhanced absorption, effective targeting, controlled release, and protection of encapsulated bioactive ingredients. Materials and methods: Nanoemulsions are formulated by combining two immiscible liquids with emulsifying agents within a thermodynamically stable colloidal dispersion system. The review categorizes various preparation techniques into high-energy and low-energy spontaneous emulsification methods. The choice of preparation procedures and materials used significantly affects the stability of nanoemulsions over time. Evaluation of nanoemulsions includes studying medication release in vitro, in vitro permeation, stability and thermodynamic stability, shelf life, viscosity, interfacial tension, pH, and osmolarity. Results: Nanoemulsions, such as Celecoxib (Phase Inversion), acetylsalicylic acid (Ultrasonication), and Flurbiprofen (Homogenization and Ultrasonication), offer distinct advantages for medications with low solubility compared to conventional emulsions. These nanoemulsions comprise small droplets with a larger surface area, promoting enhanced absorption. They demonstrate effective targeting, controlled release, and protection of encapsulated bioactive ingredients. Moreover, the diminutive droplet sizes of nanoemulsions contribute to their reduced susceptibility to issues like flocculation, coalescence, sedimentation, or creaming. Conclusion: Nanoemulsions hold great promise in overcoming the solubility limitations of hydrophobic medicinal components. They provide enhanced absorption, effective targeting, controlled release, and protection of bioactive ingredients. The choice of preparation techniques and materials plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability of nanoemulsions over time. Further studies are warranted to optimize their use and explore their potential applications in drug delivery systems.

In the current body of research, a very quick and effectual procedure for the synthesis of pyrido[2,3- d :6,5- d ′]dipyrimidines has been developed.

Background: Vemurafenib (VEM) was a licensed drug for the treatment of skin melanoma and is available only in the market as oral tablets prescribed in huge doses (1920 mg/day). One reason for the high dose is vemurafenib's low oral bioavailability. Methods: VEM-lipid complex (DLC) was predicted based on Conquest and Mercury programs and prepared using the solvent evaporation method using the lipid (phosphatidylethanolamine). DLC was subjected to characterization (FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, P-XRD, and FESEM) to confirm complexation. DLC was used to prepare solid in oil nanodispersion (DLC-SON) and subjected to in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation in comparison to our recently prepared conventional SON (VEM-SON) and DLC-control. Results: Conquest and Mercury predict the availability of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between VEM and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). All characterization tests of DLC ensure the complexation of the drug with PE. Ex vivo studies showed that the drug in DLC-SON has significantly (P<0.05) higher skin permeation than DLC-control but lower drug permeation than conventional SON but it has a higher % skin deposition (P<0.05) than others. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the prepared DLC-SON is significantly high (P<0.05) in comparison to the conventional SON and pure VEM. In vivo permeation using confocal laser scanning microscopy (on the rat) results indicated that both conventional SON and DLC-SON can cross the SC and infiltrate the dermis and epidermis but DLC-SON has a higher luminance/gray value after 24 h in the dermis in comparison to the conventional SON. Conclusion: The novel lipid complex for VEM prepared using PE as a lipid and enclosed in SON showed higher anticancer activity and topical permeation as well as sustained delivery and good retention time in the dermis that localize the drug in a sufficient concentration to eliminate early diagnosed skin melanoma.