The problem of poor nutrition with impaired growth persists in young children worldwide, including in India, where wasting occurs in 20% of urban children (24 to ≤48 months old, at malnutrition risk (weight-for-height percentile 3rd to 15th), and described as a picky eater by their parent. Enrollees were randomized to one of the three groups (N = 107 per group): ONS1 + DC; ONS2 + DC; and DC only. From day 1 to day 90, study findings showed significant increases in weight-for-height percentile for ONS1 + DC and for ONS2 + DC interventions, as compared to DC only (p = 0.0086 for both). There was no significant difference between the two ONS groups. Anthropometric measurements (weight and body mass index) also increased significantly over time for the two ONS groups (versus DC only, p < 0.05), while ONS1 + DC significantly improved mid-upper-arm circumference (p < 0.05 versus DC only), as well. ONS groups showed a trend toward greater height gain when compared to DC only group, but the differences were not significant within the study interval. For young Indian children with nutritional risk and picky eating behaviors, our findings showed that a 90-day nutritional intervention with either ONS1 or ONS2, along with DC, promoted catch-up growth more effectively than did DC alone.

The Covid-19 pandemic brought extraordinary disruption to the education landscape with the campuses closing everywhere almost overnight. Schools and colleges in India have a different pattern of education where one cannot physically attend classes but has to attend classes virtually, a new problem occurs. here we will analyze some issues like internet connectivity problems and basic understanding of technology and other such problems, to understand the problem more closely we make Google form and conduct survey and interact with 160 approx. The results of the study stated that most people faced internet problems and did not have the knowledge to use and solve problems related to technology.

The purpose of this systematic review was to understand Indian mothers’ milk composition and report changes in it over the past 100 years. A review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022299224). All records published between 1921 and 2021 were identified by searching databases Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. All observational, interventional, or supplementation studies reporting macronutrients (protein, fat, lactose) in milk of Indian mothers, delivering term infants, were included. Publications on micronutrients, preterm, and methods were excluded. Milk was categorized into colostrum, transitional, and mature. In all, 111 records were identified, of which 34 were included in the final review. Fat ranged from 1.83 to 4.49 g/100 mL, 2.6 to 5.59 g/100 mL, and 2.77 to 4.78 g/100 mL in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk, respectively. The protein was higher in colostrum (1.54 to 8.36 g/100 mL) as compared to transitional (1.08 to 2.38 g/100 mL) and mature milk (0.87 to 2.33 g/100 mL). Lactose was lower in colostrum (4.5–6.47 g/100 mL) as compared to transitional (4.8–7.37 g/100 mL) and mature milk ranges (6.78–7.7 g/100 mL). The older studies (1950–1980) reported higher fat and protein in colostrum as compared to subsequent time points. There were variations in maternal nutritional status, diet, socioeconomic status, and regions along with study design specific differences of time or methods of milk sampling and analysis. Additionally, advancements in methods over time make it challenging to interpret time trends. The need for conducting well-designed, multicentric studies on nutrient composition of Indian mother’s milk using standardized methods of sampling and estimation for understanding the role of various associated factors cannot be undermined.

Background: The purpose of this systematic review is to study the changes in macronutrient composition of milk from Indian mothers in the past 100 years. Methodology: The systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA protocol, and all records published between 1921-2021 were identified by searching databases like Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. All observational, interventional or supplementation studies reporting any macronutrient (protein, fat, and lactose) in human milk of mothers of Indian origin, delivering term infants, were included. Any records on micronutrient composition, preterm mothers, data from other countries or methodological records were excluded. Milk was categorized into colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk and levels were summarized using mean. Findings: A total of 111 published records were identified on Indian mothers’ milk macronutrient composition in the past 100 years. Of these, 34 records were included in the final review. There seems to be an apparent decline in levels of fat and protein in colostrum in the last few decades. Protein and lactose levels in transitional milk also seem to have mildly reduced over time. No distinct changes were observed in the fat, protein, and lactose in mature milk. Various studies have reported associations between socio-economic status, maternal diet, maternal nutritional status, and other factors with macronutrient content in milk. Interpretation: Changes over time and some associations have been observed in this review. However, this review identifies a lack of good quality published data on macronutrient composition of Indian mothers’ milk. The declining trends of macronutrients, especially in colostrum needs to be studied in detail. There is a need for conducting well-designed, multi-centric studies on nutrient composition of Indian mothers using standardized methods of sampling and nutrient estimation for understanding the role of maternal diet, nutritional status, regional and ethnic differences. Funding Information: This research was funded by Abbott Nutrition. Declaration of Interests: DK and GV declare potential conflicts of interest as employees of Abbott Nutrition, the study sponsor. MY is an employee of Cognizant Technology Solutions, which provides statistical services to Abbott. SG as medical writer has supported the manuscript writing, reference screening, bibliography management and editing.