Energy supply is a critical indicator for the global United Nations initiatives because of its immense contribution to economic development. In essence, identifying the required energy resource coupled with effective policy strategies is essential to sustainable electricity generation. Nevertheless, future electricity supply requires a range of options that must be robust and workable. Globally, the challenge of harnessing the energy resources sustainably needed for effective electricity generation is alarming. Therefore, the ability to supply a country’s electricity based on the availability and affordability of resources is vital for effective governance. In this study, Ghana’s energy resourcefulness and the profound effects on the future mix of electricity generation are qualitatively reviewed. In particular, the study covers the existing and potential energy resources available for sustainable electricity generation. The study revealed that Ghana mainly uses hydro, natural gas, and solar energy, among others, for electricity generation. Additionally, a framework explores a well-diversified generation mix using nuclear, coal, and more renewable energy sources in the long-term. Key issues that emerged for national consideration include the need for effective policy direction and implementation, appropriate financing concepts, fuel availability, political will, and setting. By far, this review sought to emphasize literature gaps by providing a rich and fertile ground as a template for industry operators, policymakers, and future research direction.

The present study focuses on the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft wing with surface heating for thermal management applications. The inclusion of electric components leads to a significant ne...

The need for simple, cheaper and high performance hospital effluent treatment system in Kete-Krachi District which is adjacent to the Lake Volta has necessitated this study. This study focuses on assessing, and treating Kete-Krachi District Hospital effluent using packed granular (GAC) and smooth activated carbon (SAC). The use of activated carbon is due to its less expensive method of operation, the ease to prepare from local raw materials, high availability, and effectiveness for treating hospital effluent. The dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrient compounds (P-PO4, N-NO3), turbidity, pH, conductivity and total coliform parameters were investigated and later treated with the activated carbon. The average conductivity and P-PO4 removals were <50%. The average BOD5, COD, coliform, N-NO3, and turbidity removals for all the SAC treatments were 58.36%, 62.26%, 84.39%, 83.86%, and 50.74%, respectively. The DO also improved 3.8 times on the average. The pH of the raw and treated samples was within the limit 6.5-9. The results of this study suggest that the SAC is predominantly effective for reducing the pollutants concentrations of the hospital effluent which can result in oxygen depletion, eutrophication, algal bloom and ecosystem disturbance in the Lake Volta. It will also decrease the susceptibility of the Kete-Krachi residents to waterborne diseases as the effluents seep into the Lake.

Aviation faces several challenges to maintain growth while adapting to an environmentally viable footprint. Increasing efficiency, which in the past induced a steady rise in the turbine entry temperatures, requires successful cooling of critical components to relieve the combined effects of higher temperatures and pressures. Starting with a conceptual design that alters the flow path of the secondary air system to divert bled air into a heat exchanger, this research focuses on assessing the effects of actual flight conditions on a cooled cooling air (CCA) system. In particular, the study undertakes a transient analysis of the CCA heat exchanger under a stressful temperature increase. The performance of the unit from idle to max take off (MTO) conditions required a unique facility for experimental testing, also capable of reaching and sustaining the necessary specifications. The novelty of the concept compelled the development of numerical models to aid the design and evaluation of the experiment. These models use one- and three-dimensional techniques to perform preemptive analysis of the test range, to ensure safety during the actual test, and to provide valuable information about the facility system and the inner flow structure of the heat exchanger. The study completed successful experiments using numerically generated procedures. A back-to-back configuration, representative of multiple installations, offers evidence about the cross-influence of each heat exchanger. The research also examined the dynamic effects to provide the bases for further studies focusing on this topic.

The fuel-cooled oil cooler (FCOC) in the lubrication circuit plays a critical role in the aero gas-turbine engine's aerothermal management. However, the low temperature of the operating environment can congeal the oil and reduce the FCOC efficiency. The oil bypass valve (OBV) installed on the FCOC prevents pressure loss. Its failure may cause overheating, requiring preemptive performance prediction. Experimental and numerical analyses were used to evaluate the cooler's decongealing performance under typical boundary conditions of pressure and temperature, OBV configurations, and rerouting of feed oil and fuel flow paths. The temporal variation of oil and fuel mass flow rates, temperature, and pressure of the feed oil and fuel provided an insight into the decongealing process and duration. The experimental data were used to develop a one-dimensional (1D) flow and thermal network analysis model based on the effectiveness (ε)-number of thermal units (NTU) method to predict the transient oil decongealing performance of the FCOC. The customized commercial code predicted the decongealing phenomena using empirical correlations with property correction schemes, showing good agreement with the experiment. The findings revealed various ways to enhance the decongealing performance of the FCOC. The study results showed that the operating boundary conditions, OBV location and status, and flow arrangements affect decongealing behavior and time. The present numerical model provides results quickly and can effectively predict experimentally costly and complicated cases. The attempted estimates of steady heat rejection and detailed methodology could guide future studies and practical applications.