The paper addresses the investigation of microstructures from AISI 52100 and AISI 4140 in hardened as well as in quenched and tempered conditions. The specimens are compared in terms of their magnetic hysteresis and their microstructural and mechanical properties. Material properties were determined by hardness, microhardness, and X-ray diffraction measurements. Two different approaches were used to characterize magnetic properties via a hysteresis frame device, aiming, on the one hand, to record the magnetic hysteresis with established proceedings by setting a constant magnetic flux and, on the other hand, by offsetting a constant field strength to facilitate reproducibility of the results with other micromagnetic measurement systems. Comparable differences in both the micromagnetic and the mechanical material properties could be determined and quantified for the specifically manufactured specimens. The sensitivity of the magnetic hysteresis and, determined from that, the relationship between magnetic flux and magnetic field strength were confirmed. It was shown that a consistent change in hysteresis shape from hardened to high temperature tempered material states develops and that this change allows the characterization of different materials without the need to adjust magnetization parameters. Repeatedly, an increase in remanence with decreasing hardness was found for both test approaches. Likewise, a decreasing coercivity and increasing maximum magnetic flux could be detected with decreasing retained austenite content. The investigated correlations should thus contribute to the calibration of comparable measurement systems through the holistic characterized specimens.

The surface layer states of a component are of great importance for the application of hard turned parts. Without a multitude of tests and experience, the states cannot be reliably produced due to process-typical disturbance variables such as tool wear and batch inclusions. The aim of this research is to control the surface layer states during cryogenic hard turning of AISI 52100 by feedforward control and the use of a soft sensor. This paper presents the measurement techniques used in this context. On the one hand, the in-process measurement technology and challenges involved are discussed. On the other hand, the challenges in the ex-situ measurement technique for characterizing the surface layer states are shown using micro hardness measurement as an example.