Taxonomy and phylogeny of poroid Hymenochaetaceae based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic analyses are presented. A phylogeny based on a combined dataset of ITS and nLSU sequences for accepted genera of Hymenochaetaceae was analyzed and two or multigene phylogenies for most species of ten large genera including Coltricia, Fomitiporella, Fomitiporia, Fulvifomes, Fuscoporia, Inonotus, Phylloporia, Porodaedalea, Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus, were carried out. Based on samples from 37 countries of five continents, seven new genera, Meganotus, Neophellinus, Nothonotus, Pachynotus, Perenninotus, Pseudophylloporia and Rigidonotus, are introduced, 37 new species, Coltricia tibetica, Fomitiporella crassa, F. queenslandica, Fomitiporia eucalypti, F. gatesii, F. ovoidospora, Fulvifomes azonatus, F. caligoporus, F. costaricense, F. floridanus, F. jouzaii, F. nakasoneae, F. subindicus, Fuscoporia sinuosa, F. submurina, Inonotus subradiatus, I. vietnamensis, Neomensularia castanopsidis, Pachynotus punctatus, Phellinus cuspidatus, P. subellipsoideus, Phylloporia minutissima, P. tabernaemontanae, Porodaedalea occidentiamericana, P. orientoamericana, P. qilianensis, P. schrenkianae, Pseudophylloporia australiana, Sanghuangporus australianus, S. lagerstroemiae, Tropicoporus angustisulcatus, T. hainanicus, T. lineatus, T. minus, T. ravidus, T. substratificans and T. tenuis, are described, and 108 new combinations are proposed. In addition, one illegitimate name and two invalid names are renamed, and Coltricia and Coltriciella were synonymized. The taxonomic relevance and limits of the new taxa are discussed. Photos and illustrations for 37 new species are presented, and a full description for each new species is given. Eventually, this study recognizes 672 species in 34 genera and provides a modern treatment of the poroid Hymenochaetaceae in the world. A key to the accepted poroid genera of Hymenochaetaceae is provided, and identification keys to the accepted species of 32 poroid genera worldwide are given. A synopsis description of each species is included in these keys.

Auricularia has a worldwide distribution and is very important due to its edibility and medicinal properties. Morphological examinations and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of 277 samples from 35 countries in Asia, Europe, North and South America, Africa, and Oceania were carried out. Phylogenetic analyses were based on ITS, nLSU, rpb1, and rpb2 sequences using methods of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses. According to the morphological and/or molecular characters, 37 Auricularia species were identified. Ten new species, A. camposii and A. novozealandica in the A. cornea complex, A. australiana, A. conferta, A. lateralis, A. pilosa and A. sinodelicata in the A. delicata complex, A. africana, A. srilankensis, and A. submesenterica in the A. mesenterica complex, are described. The two known species A. pusio and A. tremellosa, respectively belonging to the A. mesenterica complex and the A. delicata complex, are redefined, while A. angiospermarum, belonging to the A. auricula-judae complex, is validated. The morphological characters, photos, ecological traits, hosts and geographical distributions of those 37 species are outlined and discussed. Morphological differences and phylogenetic relations of species in five Auricularia morphological complexes (the A. auricula-judae, the A. cornea, the A. delicata, the A. fuscosuccinea and the A. mesenterica complexes) are elaborated. Synopsis data on comparisons of species in the five complexes are provided. An identification key for the accepted 37 species is proposed.

‘Sanghuang’ is one of the most important groups of medicinal macrofungi and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the past two centuries. However, knowledge about ‘Sanghuang’ is distributed in journals of different disciplines, which has meant it is not well known. To facilitate the benefit of ‘Sanghuang’ to human health, here we summarize its current status as a group of medicinal macrofungi. ‘Sanghuang’ consists of all members of the genus Sanghuangporus, which now accommodates 14 described species distributed around the world. The powders or chips of basidiocarps as supplements are the main method of consumption. In the case that wild basidiocarps of ‘Sanghuang’ are not sufficient, cultivation is supposed to provide a solution to promote the long-term utilization of ‘Sanghuang’ basidiocarps. ‘Sanghuang’ mainly possesses antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and other medicinal properties. Polysaccharides, polyphenols, pyrones, and terpenes are the main metabolites responsible for these medicinal functions. Finally, four directions are proposed to improve the sustainable utilization of ‘Sanghuang’ resources, viz. accurate identification and standard deposition, documentation of species diversity, multi-omics analyses, and a cover-all database. Hopefully, this review will draw more attention to the utilization of ‘Sanghuang’ as medicinal mushrooms in a large scale of industry.

A complete taxonomic and phylogenetic study on corticioid and hydnoid (Hymenochaete and Hydnoporia) Hymenochaetaceae was carried out. Phylogenetic analyses were based on multigenes including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU) and the small subunit mitochondrial RNA gene (mtSSU). The mtSSU of Hymenochaete was amplified for the first time. A total of 660 sequences from 354 specimens representing 316 species was used in the phylogenetic analyses, of which 290 sequences were newly generated, including 125 ITS, 89 nLSU and 76 mtSSU sequences. Among 354 specimens, 297 represent 160 taxa from Hymenochaete and Hydnoporia. In this study, 44 new species, including five new species of Hydnoporia as Hydnoporia cinnamomea, H. conifera, H. fulvimarginata, H. imbricata and H. radiata, and 39 new species of Hymenochaete as Hymenochaete adnata, H. alpina, H. asiatica, H. atrobrunnea, H. austrosinensis, H. brunnea, H. cinerea, H. cinereoalba, H. conifericola, H. cylindrospora, H. dichotoma, H. erastii, H. flava, H. granulata, H. hainanensis, H. hubeiensis, H. leveillei, H. iliensis, H. luteomarginata, H. major, H. membranacea, H. moniliformis, H. montana, H. niveomarginata, H. piceae, H. puerensis, H. ramicola, H. rubrobrunnea, H. setulohypha, H. sichuanensis, H. stereoidea, H. subepichlora, H. subfissurata, H. subinnexa, H. subluteobadia, H. subrhabarbarina, H. variabilis, H. vitellina and H. vivida, are described. Illustrated descriptions, voucher specimens, hosts, distribution and remarks for these 44 new species are provided. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the two genera Hymenochaete and Hydnoporia formed two distinct clades within the Hymenochaetaceae. The phylogenetic relationships and morphological distinctions between these two genera are also discussed. This study recognizes 249 species in Hymenochaete and Hydnoporia and a worldwide annotated checklist is provided.

Siderais a polypore genus with white to cream or buff basidiomata, whose species in Hymenochaetales are poorly known. We study the phylogeny and diversity ofSiderabased on our recent collections from tropic and subtropic Asian-Pacific regions. Phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit (nLSU) ribosomal RNA gene regions indicate that ten terminal lineages are well supported withinSidera. Based on morphological examination and phylogeny, four new species, viz.Sidera minutissima,S. parallela,S. srilankensisandS. tenuisare described, and a new combination,Sidera minutipora, is proposed. All these species are illustrated.Sidera minutissimais characterized by tiny basidiomata with bluish pores when fresh, generative hyphae dominating at the dissepiment edges, the presence of cystidioles, and allantoid basidiospores measuring 3.8–4.4 × 0.9–1.3 μm.Sidera paralleladiffers from other poroid species in the genus by having parallel tramal hyphae in combination with lunate basidiospores measuring 2.8–3.3 × 0.9–1.2 μm.Sidera srilankensishave generative and skeletal hyphae co-dominating at the dissepiment edges, and lunate basidiospores measuring 3.5–4 × 1–1.3 μm.Sidera tenuisis distinguished by small pores (8–10 per mm) and relatively long allantoid basidiospores measuring 4.2–5 × 0.8–1 μm.Sidera minutiporais characterized by buff to olivaceous buff basidiomata when dry, 5–7 pores per mm, rosette-like crystals rare, and allantoid basidiospores measuring 3.7–4.3 × 1–1.3 μm. An identification key to all accepted species is provided.

Two new wood-inhabiting fungi, Sidera salmonea sp. Nov. and S. tibetica sp. Nov. in the order Hymenochaetales from southwest China, are described and illustrated based on molecular and morphological evidence. They were found on gymnosperm wood that is rotten and charred. The characteristics of S. salmonea include annual, resupinate basidioma, salmon pores with distinctly white margins, angular pores (7–9 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and lunate basidiospores that are 3–3.5 × 0.9–1.1 μm. The characteristics of S. tibetica include annual, resupinate basidioma with a white to cream fresh pore surface that becomes cream to honey-yellow and shiny when dry, round pores (7–8 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and lunate basidiospores that measure 2.9–3.1 × 1–1.1 μm. A phylogenetic analysis based on the combined 2-locus dataset (5.8S + nuclear large subunit RNA (nLSU)) shows that the two species are members of the genus Sidera, and they are morphologically compared with related species, respectively. This paper provides a key to the identification of 16 accepted species of Sidera that are found throughout the world.