A single chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica), which had moulted at the South Shetland Islands, was subsequently tracked during 120 days at sea in the austral winter using a global location system (geolocation) based on light intensity. The bird moved east along the Scotia Ridge to a point approximately 300 km west of the South Sandwich Islands and approximately 1600 km away from the colony in which it had moulted. It spent more than 60% of its time in open water north of the edge of the pack ice.

Systemic vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine stimulates the humoral response. Our study aimed to compare the intensity of the humoral immune response, measured by SARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBD-neutralizing IgG antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination versus after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed 1060 people in the following groups: convalescents; healthy unvaccinated individuals; individuals vaccinated with Comirnaty, AstraZeneca, Moderna, or Johnson & Johnson; and vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 convalescents. The concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBD-neutralizing antibodies were estimated in an oncology hospital laboratory by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA; MAGLUMI). Results: (1) We observed a rise in antibody response in both the SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and COVID-19-vaccinated groups. (2) The levels of all antibody concentrations in vaccinated COVID-19 convalescents were significantly higher. (3) We differentiated asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 convalescents from the control group. Our analysis suggests that monitoring SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody concentrations is essential as an indicator of asymptomatic COVID-19 and as a measure of the effectiveness of the humoral response in convalescents and vaccinated people. Considering the time-limited effects of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection recovery or vaccination and the physiological half-life, among other factors, we suggest monitoring IgG antibody levels as a criterion for future vaccination.

Vaccination has been considered the most crucial defence against viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Numerous reports have demonstrated the effectiveness of the above vaccines in oncological patients. It has also been proven that, apart from vaccinations and oncological therapy, the course of the cancer process itself influences the magnitude of the humoral response, especially in people after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The phenomenon we observe seems to confirm the presence of a "natural" defence potential in a cancer patient's body, in this case, directed against infection with a viral pathogen. A "stronger" antiviral response also explains the asymptomatic course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in some of the above patients. To what extent the SARS-CoV-2 infection weakened the "natural" potential of the anticancer response in these patients remains an open question. Objective: This study aimed to answer the question about the impact of the cancer process on the humoral response in oncological patients vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 infection and in patients after COVID-19. Material and methods: One thousand six hundred and sixty-eight people were observed. Over 2 years, 5,082 SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibody samples were determined. The concentration of antibodies was assessed in groups of oncological patients: those undergoing anticancer therapy after contracting COVID-19 and those after vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: The obtained results indicate a naturally more significant humoral response in oncological patients who have not been vaccinated and have not undergone anticancer therapy, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or surgical intervention. The above observation applies to patients with breast, lung, colon, kidney, and testicular cancer, although the response varies significantly depending on the type of cancer. Graphical

Systemic vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine stimulates the humoral response.Our study aimed to compare the intensity of the humoral immune response, measured bySARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBD neutralizing IgG antibody levels, afterCOVID-19 vaccination versus after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed 1060 people in thefollowing groups: convalescents, healthy vaccinated individuals, individuals vaccinated withComirnaty, AstraZeneca, Moderna, or Johnson & Johnson, and vaccinated SARS-CoV-2convalescents. The concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBDneutralizing antibodies were estimated in the oncology hospital laboratory bychemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA; MAGLUMI). Results: (1) We observed a rise inantibody response in both SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and COVID-19-vaccinated groups. (2)The levels of all antibody concentrations in vaccinated COVID-19 convalescents weresignificantly higher. (3) We differentiated asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 convalescents from thecontrol group. Our analysis suggests that monitoring SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodyconcentrations is essential as an indicator of asymptomatic COVID-19 and as a measure of theeffectiveness of the humoral response in convalescents and vaccinated people. Considering thetime-limited effects of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection recovery or vaccination and thephysiological half-life, among other factors, we suggest monitoring the IgG antibody level as acriterion for the next vaccination.