Public spaces in residential areas are the main places for the daily activities of residents, and thermally comfortable activity space is particularly important for promoting the activities and public health of residents. Previous studies have mostly focused on tropical regions, with less research on outdoor thermal comfort in subtropical regions. In this study, we aimed to investigate outdoor thermal benchmarks and outdoor activities in summer subtropical residential areas. Through physical measurements, questionnaires, and field observations, four residential areas in Changsha city were studied. The outdoor thermal comfort and activity of residents were studied with the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) as a model. The results showed that: (1) the neutral PET and neutral PET ranges for residents were 26.2 °C and 24.7–27.8 °C, respectively, and the range of 90% acceptable PET was lower than 28.5 °C; (2) globe temperature and air temperature were the primary factors influencing the thermal sensation of the residents; and (3) residents adapted to the thermal environment by adjusting their activity time and space in summer. These results help us to better understand the outdoor thermal comfort and activities of people living in subtropical regions and can provide guidance for the design of future residential open spaces.

Distance decay of urban park visitation (e.g., visitation number and visitation frequency) has been widely acknowledged and is increasingly integrated into urban park planning and management considering spatial accessibility and service equity. However, thorough understandings especially concerning the variations among visitors with different personal characteristics and visitation patterns are still scarce. Taking Changsha, China as an example, we collected data on visitation distance (i.e., the distance between urban parks and visitor’s homes) and visitation frequency of 2535 urban park visitors, modeled the distance decay of visitation density and visitation frequency, and investigated their variations among visitors with different personal characteristics and visitation patterns. The results show that: (1) The median visitation distance was 1.3 km and the median visitation frequency was 24 times per season. (2) Both visitation density and visitation frequency showed clear spatial patterns of distance decay and can be effectively modeled using common distance decay functions (e.g., power function, exponential function, and logarithmic function). (3) Visitors’ characteristics (e.g., gender and age) and visitation patterns (e.g., duration time, transportation modes, and visitation purposes) significantly impact visitation distance, visitation frequency, and the characteristics of distance decay (i.e., the rate of distance decay). These findings extend our understanding of the distance decay of urban park visitation which can help better urban park planning and management.

Urban community gardens (UCGs), greenspace cultivated and managed for vegetables by local communities, provide substantial ecosystem services (ES) and are warmly welcomed by residents. However, they also have many ecosystem disservices (EDS) and are almost always refused by the decision-makers of the government, especially in China. Better understanding the residents’ perceived ES and EDS and the impact on the behavioral intention (BI) toward UCGs is of great value to solve the conflicts between residents and the government concerning UCGs and to develop sustainable UCGs. Following the theory of planned behavior (TPB), we measured perceived ES/EDS, attitudes (ATT), perceived behavioral control (PBC), subjective norm (SN), and BI of 1142 residents in Changsha, China, and investigated their direct and indirect causal relationships using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that: (1) ATT, PBC, and SN significantly and positively impact the BI of UCGs and together explained 54% of the variation of BI. (2) The extended TPB model with additional components of perceived ED/EDS improved the explanatory ability of the model, explaining 65% of the variance of BI. Perceived ES and perceived EDS showed significant direct positive and negative impacts on UCGs, respectively. They also indirectly impacted BI by influencing ATT, PBC, and SN. The findings of this study can extend our understanding of residents’ attitudes, behavior, and driving mechanism toward UCGs, and can help decision makers to design better policies for UCG planning and management.

Thermal perception is an important factor affecting the usage of outdoor spaces (e.g., urban parks). The elderly are the main visitors of urban parks; however, few studies investigated the thermal perception of the elderly in urban parks in summer. Taking a comprehensive urban park in Changsha, China, as an example, this study examined the thermal perception of the elderly and investigated the impacts of age, gender, and health status on the thermal perception through field observation, questionnaires, and field measurement of meteorological variables. The results showed that: (1) The neutral physiological equivalent temperature (PET) was 24.48 °C, with a range of 21.99−26.97 °C. The comfortable PET was 25.41 °C, and the 90% acceptable PET was 25.84−33.19 °C. (2) The neutral PET increased with the elderly’s age (e.g., 23.19 °C, 25.33 °C, and 25.36 °C, respectively, for people aged 60–69, 70–79, and ≥80 years old). The thermal sensitivity of the elderly increased with the increase in age. (3) Moving to the shade provided by trees or buildings is the main thermal adaptation behavior of the elderly in the park in summer. This study extended the understanding of the outdoor thermal perception of the elderly in summer and can help better urban park planning and design to improve the thermal perception of elderly visitors in summer in Changsha (China).

Urban parks are the main place for physical activities, generating numerous benefits to enhance human well-being. Many studies have investigated the impacts of landscape features on park visitation but ignored their seasonal and diurnal variations. Taking the Hunan Martyr Park in China as an example, this study aims to assess the seasonal and diurnal variations in the impacts of landscape features on visitation density. We quantified visitation density for 109 activity zones for both daytime and nighttime in summer and winter and investigated the impacts of landscape features of the activity zone and the surrounding environments on visitation density based on 16 quantitative indicators. The results show that: (1) The impacts of ground condition, connection to water, distance to park entrances, and distance to stores were consistent in different periods. Paved activity zones, zones close to water, zones further away from the park entrances, and zones closer to the stores had significantly higher visitation density. (2) Shading degree, connected pathway, and distance to toilets had contrasting impacts between summer and winter. Zones with a higher shading degree attracted more visitors in summer and deterred visitors in winter. Zones with fewer pathways connected and zones farther away from toilets had higher visitation density in summer but not in winter. (3) Shading degree, number of trees, presence of facilities (e.g., benches, tables, pavilion, and light devices), and connected pathway had contrasting impacts between daytime and nighttime. Zones with a high shading degree, zones with benches and pavilions, and zones without trees had higher visitation density in the daytime. Zones with light devices, zones with more connected pathways, and zones without tables had higher visitation density at nighttime. These findings highlighted the seasonal and diurnal variation of the impacts of landscape features on park visitation and can help to improve urban park design, especially for cities with hot summers and cold winters.

Urban greenspace planning plays a crucial role in improving the quality of human settlements and the living standard of citizens. Urban public greenspace (UPGS) is an important part of urban greenspaces. Existing literature rarely includes a scientific evaluation of greenspace plans (including of UPGS) and plan implementation effects. To bridge this gap, this study evaluated and monitored the UPGS plan enacted in 2010 in Kunming, China. Object-based image classification and visual interpretation of satellite images and Google Earth imagery were used to quantify the different periods of UPGS implementation. Six indicators and monitoring at four classic sites were applied to explore the change at two scales (overall scale and district scale) for monitoring the UPGS plan execution. The results showed that UPGS structure greatly improved after plan implementation. However, UPGS provision per capita has not reached the level of greenspace planning and the connectivity was poor. Significant implementation inequalities existed in each district and implementation has lagged behind schedule. This study contributes to a better understanding of greenspace planning and urban planning in general, which can help improve future planning and planning decisions.