The features of anomalous Siberian wildfires in 2019 and trends of their changes during 2000–2019 are analyzed on the basis of satellite monitoring data. The average values of wildfire areas; total volumes of CO, CO₂, and aerosol PM2.5 emissions; and their density (per area unit) in the Siberian Federal District of Russia and its regions are estimated for a 20-year period, as well as the number, radiative power, and spatial distribution of wildfires on the territory of North Eurasia in 2019. In July 2019, the wildfire area in Irkutsk oblast exceeded the average value for the period of 2001–2019 by more than four times, whereas the related total volumes of emissions of CO, CO₂, and PM2.5 aerosol in June 2019 were five times higher than their average values for this period. The regional weather-climate features of summer 2019 were revealed using on-land observations and reanalysis, in particular, atmospheric blocking, which is related to the formation of extreme regimes of wildfires and floods in adjacent territories of Siberia.

The urgency and specific features of the application of the up-to-date aerospace methods and technologies in order to monitor different oil and gas facilities; study subsurface geology of oil and gas areas; search for oil and gas deposits (particularly in Arctic regions); control oil, gas, and product pipelines; and estimate the environmental conditions in the areas of hydrocarbon production and transportation on land and on the sea are justified and analyzed. The problems in the oil and gas industry which can be solved using aerospace data are systematized. The principles of organization of aerospace monitoring and the physical bases of remote sensing methods for solving different problems in the oil and gas industry are considered. The application of aerospace methods and technologies in order to monitor the environmental conditions in the oil and gas production areas, monitor pipelines, detect pollution of the marine environment with oil products (particularly, after the accident on the oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010), and control the ice conditions in the Arctic oil and gas areas is illustrated.

We consider approaches to processing large hyperspectral and multispectral imaging flows produced in aerospace monitoring for solving a wide range of problems of management of natural resources, environmental security, prevention of natural disasters and technogenic accidents, as well as problems of real economy, and basic and applied sciences. We analyze the specific features of the phases of hyperspectral data analysis and describe a software and hardware system that uses new and improved methods and algorithms for processing large flows of hyperspectral and other aerospace data and has a high-performance computer. This system contains different types of software for identifying the types of given objects by solving inverse problems of remote sensing as well as by analyzing their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, combined multiparameter processing of hyperspectral aerospace data, tracking the local changes including those related to changes in meteorological conditions and vegetation periods, detecting and identifying the types of small objects on the basis of analysis of individual parts of the image, detecting and identifying heat sources, etc. We bring examples of processing of hyperspectral and multispectral satellite images with the help of software and hardware tools developed.

We describe the specific features of the summer 2010 emergency conditions in the European part of the Russian Federation, when an anomalous heat wave (the monthly mean temperatures in the summer months were 5–9°C higher than those for 2002–2009) and prolonged blocking anticyclones led to large wildfires. We analyze their causes and consequences. The features of the satellite system for operational fire monitoring (constructed at the Aerospace Scientific Center) and examples of its application in summer 2010 are presented. On the basis of the results of processing of satellite images of low (250–1000 m), medium (∼30–50 m), and high (∼6 m) resolutions, we found that the total area covered by fire from March to November of 2010 amounted to approximately 10.9 million hectares for the entire territory of the country and and 2.2 million hectares for its European part. Daily histograms of areas covered by fire in the summer months of 2010 were constructed. On the basis of these data and empirical models, we estimate the daily emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) from wildfires in the summer months of 2010 for the European part of Russia and Moscow oblast. On some days in August 2010, these emissions reached 15000–27000 t for the European part of Russia and 3000–7500 t for Moscow oblast. On the basis of analysis of data from the AIRS spectrometer (Aqua satellite), we derived the spatial distribution of CO concentrations at heights of 2 to 10 km above the territory of the Eastern and Central Europe. Moscow was shown to have been most severely affected by smoke from wildfires occurring on August 6–9, 2010, when the concentrations of harmful gases (CO₂, CO, CH₄, and O₃) and aerosols in the air significantly exceeded both the daily and the one-hour maximum allowable concentrations.

Based on online wildfire satellite-monitoring data, distributions of burned-out areas, as well as emission volumes of carbon-containing gases (СО and СО2) and fine aerosols (РМ2.5), for different...