Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells with a great potential for self-renewal and differentiation. Exosomes derived from ADSCs (ADSC-exos) can imitate their functions, carrying cargoes of bioactive molecules that may affect specific cellular targets and signaling processes. Recent evidence has shown that ADSC-exos can mediate tissue regeneration through the regulation of the inflammatory response, enhancement of cell proliferation, and induction of angiogenesis. At the same time, they may promote wound healing as well as the remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In combination with scaffolds, they present the future of cell-free therapies and promising adjuncts to reconstructive surgery with diverse tissue-specific functions and minimal adverse effects. In this review, we address the main characteristics and functional properties of ADSC-exos in tissue regeneration and explore their most recent clinical application in wound healing, musculoskeletal regeneration, dermatology, and plastic surgery as well as in tissue engineering.

Supralevator abscess is a rare form of anorectal disease responsible for very rare but morbid manifestations, one of which is superior spread through fascial planes. We present a rare case of a spreading anorectal abscess in a patient who presented with only diffuse abdominal pain, and we review similar cases in the literature according to anatomical considerations, presentation, diagnostic procedures, and treatment options. We identified 7 previously reported cases of spreading anorectal abscesses. Most abscesses had a horseshoe morphology, and all patients presented or developed abdominal pain. All patients had perianal swelling and pain. Five out of 7 patients were previously mistreated. Only 2 abscesses spread through both the pre- and retroperitoneal planes. Abdominal pain is a dominant feature of extraperitoneal inflammation originating from anorectal abscesses. The absence of perianal signs is rare, and proper inspection of the patient along with the medical history can lead to quicker diagnosis and decisive treatment.

Introduction: Adrenal gland injury (AGI) is a rare form of trauma that is often misdiagnosed, especially if isolated. Presentation of case: Herein we describe two rare cases of adrenal hematoma (AH) and adrenal contusion due to blunt abdominal trauma. A 33-year-old Caucasian male who was transported to the emergency department after a low-speed motorbike accident and a 69-year old Caucasian female who fell from 50 cm height. Both where complaining of intense pain in the right flank. Neither were under anti-coagulant or anti-platelet therapy. In both patients thoracoabdominal CE-CT revealed the injury. Discussion: AGI is an uncommon finding in blunt trauma and isolated adrenal injuries usually result from low force accidents. Treatment is most commonly conservative, but depends on patient’s status. In Greece, to our knowledge, these are the first such cases reported in adults. Conclusion: Diagnosis needs high level of clinical suspicion. Highlights:

Gingival fibromatosis (GF) is a rare condition of fibrous enlargement of the gingivae causing functional or aesthetic problems. We report a case of localized GF in a 51-year-old healthy male patient who presented in our department with localized gingival enlargement. We performed gingivectomy and restored the defect with a novel local transpositional mucosal flap with excellent functional and aesthetic results. This type of intervention is accompanied by short surgical time, provides predictable results, and should be considered in adult patients with large defects from sizable lesions.