Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of colitis and that its composition could be modulated by exposure to dietary components. Thus, it may be possible to ameliorate the severity of colitis through administration of dietary components. Herein, we determined the effects of orally administered resveratrol on the gut microbiota composition and the resulting inflammatory status of a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Our results supported our hypothesis that dietary resveratrol altered the microbial composition and restored microbial community diversity in DSS-treated mice. Specifically, resveratrol effectively decreased the abundance of the genera Akkermansia, Dorea, Sutterella and Bilophila, and increased the proportion of Bifidobacterium in colitic mice. Resveratrol was also able to prevent mouse body weight loss, reduce the disease activity index, attenuate tissue damage, and down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, KC/GRO, and TNF-α in the colon of DSS-treated mice. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated significant correlations between the relative levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and alterations of the gut microbiota. Our results demonstrated that dietary resveratrol attenuated the inflammatory status and alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis in a colitis mouse model.

Lactobacillus reuteri FN041 is a secretory IgA–targeted Lactobacillus strain from human breast milk that has probiotic potential. The aim of this study was to test whether FN041 can alleviate dyslipidaemia and mucosal-barrier damage caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) and whether it can affect diurnal variation of the intestinal microbiota. C57BL/6 mice were fed either a normal chow diet or high-fat diet (HFD) for 7 weeks and were treated with either PBS as a control or L. reuteri FN041 for 4 weeks. Our results showed that FN041 treatment significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight gain (P < 0.01), accumulation of testicular fat, an increase in locomotor activity during the active phase (P < 0.01), triglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia (P < 0.05), liver Fas overexpression, and Srebp1c mRNA expression inhibition. Moreover, FN041 treatment improved intestinal epithelial barrier function and induced a daily oscillation–dependent change in short-chain fatty acid production by the gut microbiota. A deeper understanding of the molecular pathways participating in intestinal barrier and microbiota modifications, and changes to lipid metabolism under the influence of FN041, will have important implications by potentially opening new horizons for the development of relevant foods to prevent metabolic disorders and unrelated intestinal diseases.

Breast milk bacteria play an important role in the early development of the gut microbiota and the immune system. Dominant living bacteria of 89 healthy Chinese women from 11 cities in five regions were analysed by broad-range yeast extract, casitone, and fatty acid and de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe-based culturing coupled with 16S rRNA sequence and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Principal coordinate analysis showed that human breast milk samples were classified into three groups, driven by Enterococcus (abundance in group 1, 63.13%), Streptococcus (abundance in group 2, 68.16%) and Staphylococcus (abundance in group 3, 55.17%). The microbiota profile was highly region-specific. Samples from the Northwest and North of China showed higher alpha diversity compared to other regions (p < 0.05). Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus were the dominant genera in all samples. Lactobacillus had a high occurrence in samples from the Northwest and North, dominated by Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus gasseri. Samples of mothers with a high postpartum body mass index showed more Staphylococcus and less Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. Staphylococcus was negatively correlated with Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. The mode of delivery also affected the composition of microbiota, even after culture. These findings indicate differences between the North and South, provide effective information for collection of samples in which Lactobacillus is the predominant genus, and lower the detection limit for small amounts of bacteria.