For patients suffering from pathological conditions, Intravenous infusion serves to be the go-to treatment, it requires for a medical practitioner to set up the IV infusion device up as per the doctors’ instructions, followed by periodic supervision as abnormalities may occur. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the construction of an automated intravenous infusion control system. Medical and laboratory fluid control has previously been achieved using pressure-based flow sensing, ultrasonic flow measurement, optical flow sensors, capacitive flow sensing, and thermal flow sensing. Due to its reduced susceptibility to external factors, our approach utilizing an IR sensor is particularly advantageous in IV scenarios for accurately detecting fluid drops. An IR sensor, microcontroller, servo motor/peristaltic pump, and an affordable microcontroller are used in this system to allow precise saline circulation rate control. An input control system can be implemented through either a matrix keypad or a single control network server. Controls the drops per minute and allows internet-based server-side control via IR sensor, 3x4 matrix keypad, and Bluetooth module. To accurately measure the saline flow rate and count drops, an IR sensor is integrated into the drip chamber of the saline container. In order to achieve the desired blood flow rate, the microcontroller continuously compares the sensor readings with the commands and adjusts the servo motor/peristaltic pump accordingly. Testing of the completed hardware provided satisfactory results, proving the device's ability to enhance patient care.

Driver drowsiness and fatigue are leading causes of road accidents, particularly due to drivers having to operate vehicles for long hours under challenging phys Driver drowsiness and fatigue are leading causes of road accidents, particularly due to drivers having to operate vehicles for long hours under challenging phys

The escalating electricity demand in Pakistan and other developing nations presents significant challenges for distribution systems. To address this issue, utilities often resort to load shedding practices. However, despite urging consumers to reduce their load during peak hours through monthly bill notifications, compliance remains low due to either unwillingness or lack of awareness. The manual process of reminding consumers about peak hours and manually managing high loads during peak and off-peak periods is both inconvenient and laborious. In response to these challenges, this study focuses on implementing a time-controlled automated load management system. The primary objective is to enable automatic switching ON/OFF of various consumer loads at specific intervals. This system eliminates the need for manual load switching based on time, while also providing control and monitoring capabilities for electrical devices using the Internet of Things (IoT) concept. The implementation utilizes an ESP-32 device based on the Blynk framework, integrating sensors and smartphones to create a functional prototype. Through the Blynk framework-installed smartphones, users can interact with the system's server, which responds to their requests. Our development efforts have resulted in an IoT-based load management system, empowering users to utilize their electrical load at full capacity during normal hours. However, during peak hours, load consumption is automatically restricted through IoT technology. The IoT application facilitates wireless monitoring and control of the load, enhancing convenience and efficiency.

Electricity serves as the primary power source that fuels our modern world. Without it, the functionality of everyday devices and appliances would cease. However, the relentless growth of populations, economies, and industries has led to an alarming disparity between energy demand and supply. Furthermore, power companies face a significant challenge in the form of electricity theft, resulting in substantial losses from the grid each year. To prevent electricity infrastructure from collapsing, utilities resort to load shedding, cutting off power to specific areas during shortages. To address this issue, the proposed study aims to develop a load management system that allows users to operate essential loads during shortfall hours, mitigating the impact of power cuts. Additionally, this study addressed electricity theft by introducing a theft control system by employing an automatic control unit that injects frequency-distorted voltage into low- voltage lines. As a result, the illegal consumers' loads will be malfunctioned upon detecting thefts and notifies utilities of theft occurrences, enabling them to penalize offenders. ensuring the utility's ability to act while the legal consumers will have the retention of power supply with normal frequency as due to the action of step-up cyclo-converter installed in smart metering infrastructure. The study implements a simplified design for a single-phase distribution system using the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. This IoT-based solution sends consumer data to a web page accessible via an IP address, facilitating efficient monitoring and management of the system. Overall, the proposed study offers a load management solution and theft protection system to address the challenges posed by increasing energy demand and electricity theft.

We present an approach for non-invasive signal acquisition in healthcare applications, specifically aiming the measurement of oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) using photoplethysmography (PPG). Our proposed project emphasis on the design of a circuit that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) both as emitters and detectors. Through the use of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), we are able to effectively control the LEDs. By employing three LEDs, with two serving as emitters and one as a detector, we successfully obtain PPG signal after removing the noise. This work also demonstrates the correlation between PPG signal amplitudes and changes in breathing rate, showing lower amplitudes with decreased oxygen concentration and higher amplitudes with increased breathing rates. This proposed circuit design gives a cost-effective solution with low power consumption, making it highly suitable for practical implementation.