This study investigated for the first time a simple bio-synthesis approach for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Annona muricata L (A. muricata) plant extract to test their anti-cancer effects. The presence of CuONPs was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The antiproliferative properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated against (AMJ-13), (MCF-7) breast cancer cell lines, and the human breast epithelial cell line (HBL-100) as healthy cells. This study indicates that CuONPs reduced cell proliferation for AMJ-13 and MCF-7. HBL-100 cells were not significantly inhibited for several concentration levels or test periods. The outcomes suggest that the prepared copper oxide nanoparticles acted against the growth of specific cell lines observed in breast cancer. It was observed that cancer cells had minor colony creation after 24 h sustained CuONPs exposure using (IC₅₀) concentration for AMJ-13 was (17.04 µg mL⁻¹). While for MCF-7 cells was (18.92 µg mL⁻¹). It indicates the uptake of CuONPs by cancer cells, triggering apoptosis. Moreover, treatment with CuONPs enhanced Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production, probably caused by cell membrane damage, creating leaks comprising cellular substances like lactate dehydrogenase. Hence, research results suggested that the synthesized CuONPs precipitated anti-proliferative effects by triggering cell death through apoptosis.

One of the most prevalent death causes among women worldwide is breast cancer. This study aimed to characterise and differentiate the proteomics profiles of breast cancer cell lines treated with Doxorubicin (DOX) and Doxorubicin-CaCO₃-nanoparticles (DOX-Ar-CC-NPs). This study determines the therapeutic potential of doxorubicin-loaded aragonite CaCO₃ nanoparticles using a Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry analysis. In total, 334 proteins were expressed in DOX-Ar-CC-NPs treated cells, while DOX treatment expressed only 54 proteins. Out of the 334 proteins expressed in DOX-CC-NPs treated cells, only 36 proteins showed changes in abundance, while in DOX treated cells, only 7 out of 54 proteins were differentially expressed. Most of the 30 identified proteins that are differentially expressed in DOX-CC-NPs treated cells are key enzymes that have an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates as well as energy, including: pyruvate kinase, ATP synthase, enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, and trypsin. Other identified proteins are structural proteins which included; Keratin, α- and β-tubulin, actin, and actinin. Additionally, one of the heat shock proteins was identified, which is Hsp90; other proteins include Annexins and Human epididymis protein 4. While the proteins identified in DOX-treated cells were tubulin alpha-1B chain and a beta chain, actin cytoplasmic 1, annexin A2, IF rod domain-containing protein, and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the predicted canonical pathways linking the signalling of the actin cytoskeleton, ILK, VEGF, BAG2, integrin and paxillin, as well as glycolysis. This research indicates that proteomic analysis is an effective technique for proteins expression associated with chemotherapy drugs on cancer tumours; this method provides the opportunity to identify treatment targets for MCF-7 cancer cells, and a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system allowed the detection of a larger number of proteins than 2-DE gel analysis, as well as proteins with maximum pIs and high molecular weight.

The green synthesis approach has drawn a lot of interest as an environmentally friendly and sustainable acceptable means of producing a diverse range of nanoparticles (NPs). This piece described a rapid approach for synthesizing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) with grape seed extract. A biologically active composition of selenium-chitosan nanoparticles (Se-chitosan NPs) has been prepared and characterized using, ultraviolet–visible, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and zeta potential and size distribution experiments. To study the anticancer activity of prepared NP cytotoxicity (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay of chitosan nanoparticles (Chito-NPs), SeNPs were tested on two cancer cell lines: A549 and normal cell line (HK-2). In addition to a series of morphological changes, induction of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential. The results showed that the synthesized NPs were spherical with 55.285 and 30.9 nm, for SeNPs and Se-chitosan NPs, respectively. In the A549 cell line, SeNPs and Se-chitosan NPs exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with an IC ₅₀ for Chito-NPs of 24.09 µg/mL, whereas for SeNPs it was 18.56 µg/mL. Conversely, normal cell lines (MCF-10) were not significantly cytotoxically affected by SeNPs and Se-chitosan NPs. Additionally, SeNP and Se-chitosan NP treatment resulted in increased ROS generation and caused mitochondrial dysfunction. Based on ROS-mediated pathways, the results demonstrated that Chito-NPs, SeNPs, and Se-chitosan NPs cause apoptosis and death in A549 cells. As nanotherapeutics, Chito-NPs, SeNPs, and Se-chitosan NPs appear to offer a great deal of unrealized potential based on these findings. Further investigation is warranted and clinically significant to elucidate the specific therapeutic potential and safety of these NPs when applied in vivo . In this work, we show that exposure to SeNPs, Chito-NPs, and Se-chitosan NPs alters the human lung cancer cell line A549’s ROS route of signaling, thereby causing the induction of apoptosis.

This study investigates the impact of injected fish-scale-derived hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (FsHA-NPs) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and the width of the periodontal ligament (PDL) space. Twenty-six Wistar rats underwent mesial orthodontic traction with a force of 50 g for 21 days. Following the application of the orthodontic appliance, the rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group, which received a 0.3 µg saline injection, and the experimental FsHA group, which received 100 mg/0.3 ml of FsHA-NPs after thorough characterisation. Injections were administered immediately after appliance application and repeated at 7 and 14 days. Statistical analysis was conducted with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. The experimental group exhibited a significant reduction in OTM at 7-, 14-, and 21-day post-force application. Additionally, a reduction in PDL width was observed in the mesiocervical and disto-apical regions of the mesial and distal roots of the first molar. FsHA-NPs derived from biowaste fish scales exhibit promising potential as biomaterials for enhancing control over OTM. This study underscores the viability, accessibility, and safety of FsHA-NPs as a locally injectable material for orthodontic applications.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory, systemic autoimmune disease that affects the synovial joints and connective tissues. It is thought that the etiopathogenesis of RA may be associated with the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as a vitamin D deficiency. Aim: This study sought to investigate the effects of vitamin D and of the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-37, IL-8, and IL-10 on the progression of RA in Iraqi patients. Methodology: Blood was taken from 120 participants: 62 newly-diagnosed cases of RA and 58 healthy individuals. In order to compare the serum levels of cytokines in RA patients and in healthy individuals, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test was used. We also assessed the serum levels of vitamin D by using the Cobas e 411 analyzer (Roche). Results: Our findings demonstrated that RA patients had greater serum levels of IL-8, IL-17, and IL-37 and lower levels of IL-10 compared to those of the control group. On the other hand, the serum vitamin D levels in RA patients were considerably lower than those of the healthy individuals. Conclusion: This study reveals a low level of vitamin D in the serum of Iraqi RA patients, which may be directly related to the enhancement of the stimulation of many inflammatory cytokines, thereby increasing the severity of the disease.