Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is used in Indian traditional medicine, Ayurveda, and is believed to have a variety of health-promoting effects. The molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying these effects have not yet been sufficiently explored. In this study, we investigated the effect of Ashwagandha extracts and their major withanolides (withaferin A and withanone) on muscle cell differentiation using C2C12 myoblasts. We found that withaferin A and withanone and Ashwagandha extracts possessing different ratios of these active ingredients have different effects on the differentiation of C2C12. Withanone and withanone-rich extracts caused stronger differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes, deaggregation of heat- and metal-stress-induced aggregated proteins, and activation of hypoxia and autophagy pathways. Of note, the Parkinson’s disease model of Drosophila that possess a neuromuscular disorder showed improvement in their flight and climbing activity, suggesting the potential of Ashwagandha withanolides for the management of muscle repair and activity.

Methane gas is a gas that occurs naturally on earth and is formed in piles of rubbish due to the large number of bacteria that nest in it. This article aims to discuss the formation of methane gas originating from piles of organic waste. The type of research method in this article uses a comparative method of journals and articles from within the country and abroad. Based on the results of the study, it was found that there is methane gas formed from piles of organic waste that undergoes an anaerobic decomposition process and there are several bacteria that play a role in the process of forming methane gas, such asEnterobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyces and Streptococcus which is the most dominant bacteria in organic waste.

The rate of growth of society in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, has meant that much land has been converted into residential areas. This causes several bird species to lose their habitat and become endangered, so conservation is needed as an effort to preserve them. This research aims to determine the perching preferences of birds on the island of Java, making it easier to create a living environment that suits their natural environment. This research uses qualitative methods through a literature review of literature sources, articles, and scientific journals. The IUCN Red List page is used to determine the scope of the aves species discussed in this article, namely the island of Java, and to find out the aves' habitat so that their perch preferences can be found. Three different categories of perches were obtained, namely texture, height, and perch diameter, with the assumption that these data could be translated to create artificial perches for ex-situ conservation.