The fabrication of bio-composite-derived bovine amniotic membrane (BAM) with hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an approach to combining organic and inorganic bio-material to improve the properties of both materials. This research aims to combine, fabricate and characterise the bio-composite of BAM–HA. The combination of bio-composite is made from BAM and HAp in a ratio of 30:70, 35:65, and 40:60. Dried BAM is immersed in saline and then blended until it forms an amniotic slurry with a jelly-like consistency. At this stage, HAp is added so that it can bind to BAM. After the mixture is homogeneous, the freeze-drying process is carried out. After fabrication, all the bio-composites were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity analysis, and biological activity was conducted using fibroblasts. The bio-composite has functional groups of amides I, II, III, A, B, OH, CO₃²⁻ and PO₄³⁻ according to the results of the FTIR. The XRD analysis showed the presence of HAP crystals. This functional group and the crystal HAP indicate that these two materials are bound. An SEM examination revealed a variety of porous patterns on the surface area. The bio-composite with BAM and HAp at a ratio of 35:65 has a higher mean pore size of 155.625 µm with mean porosity of 89.23% and can maintain the fibroblast viability of 95.14%. In conclusion, the study successfully combined both bio-materials BAM and HAp, which have potential synergistic effects on soft and hard tissue regeneration. The ratio of 35:65 showed good characteristics and was non-toxic.

Background: The wound healing process can be optimized through the addition of a biomaterial such as recombinant secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (rSLPI). The SLPI is a non-glycosylated proteomic material that inhibits protease enzymes and has anti-inflammatory properties, thus accelerating wound healing. This study analyzed the administration of rSLPI doses 0.04 cc and 0.06 cc in skin wound healing on the CD163 expression of macrophages and cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). Materials and Methods: rSLPI produced from Escherichia coli TOP10 as the cloning host, BL21 (DE3) strains as the expression host and pET30a plasmids were used for the expression system construction. The wound was created on Wistar rat dorsal skin, then rSLPI 0.04 cc and 0.06 cc was administered. In the next four days, the back skin was biopsied and stained by immunohistochemistry to analyze the CD163, FGF-2, IL-1 and IL-6 expression. Results: The administration of rSLPI increased CD163 and FGF-2 expression dependent on dose (p< 0.05). On the other hand, administration of rSLPI decreased IL-1 and IL-6 expression depending on dose (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The administration of rSLPI is able to accelerate the wound healing process by increasing the CD163 and FGF-2 expression. The cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6 decreased depending on rSLPI doses.

Bovine sponge amnion (BSA) is made from bovine amniotic membrane, which contains several growth factors with the ability to suppress inflammation and stimulate the healing process. The healing process of the socket is clinically marked by the proliferation of fibroblasts, formation of new blood vessels, and closure of the wound site. Fibroblasts and new blood vessels are the common histological indicators of tissue regeneration. Twenty-four lower anterior teeth were extracted from the rats. The socket was then applied with BSA and sutured, while a control group was only sutured. The animals were scarified 3, 7, and 14 days after application, and the mandibular was isolated. Histological analysis of socket tissue used the staining of hematoxylin and eosin to analyze the new blood vessels and fibroblasts. An independent t-test was used to analyze the fibroblasts and new blood vessels in each group, with P < 0.05 considered as significant. The number of fibroblasts is higher in the BSA group compared others groups at 3, 7, and 14 days (P < 0.05). The new blood vessel count is higher compared to the control group at only 3 and 7 days (P < 0.05). BSA aids the regeneration of the socket after tooth extraction by stimulating fibroblast proliferation and formation of new blood vessels.