Photothermal conversion materials have attracted wide attention due to their efficient utilization of light energy. In this study, a (GO)/Bi₂S₃-PVDF/TPU composite nanofiber membrane was systematically developed, comprising GO/Bi₂S₃ nanoparticles (NPs) as a photothermal conversion component and PVDF/TPU composite nanofibers as the substrate. The GO/Bi₂S₃ NPs were synthesized in a one-step way and the PVDF/TPU nanofibers were obtained from a uniformly mixed co-solution by electrospinning. GO nanoparticles with excellent solar harvesting endow the GO/Bi₂S₃-PVDF/TPU membrane with favorable photothermal conversion. In addition, the introduction of Bi₂S₃ NPs further enhances the broadband absorption and photothermal conversion properties of the GO/Bi₂S₃-PVDF/TPU composite membrane due to its perfect broadband absorption performance and coordination with GO. Finally, the results show that the GO/Bi₂S₃-PVDF/TPU composite membrane has the highest light absorption rate (about 95%) in the wavelength range of 400–2500 nm. In the 300 s irradiation process, the temperature changes in the GO/Bi₂S₃-PVDF/TPU composite membrane were the most significant and rapid, and the equilibrium temperature of the same irradiation time was 81 °C. Due to the presence of TPU, the mechanical strength of the composite film was enhanced, which is beneficial for its operational performance. Besides this, the morphology, composition, and thermal property of the membranes were evaluated by corresponding test methods.

Serving as matrices, polypropylene (PP) melt-blown nonwoven fabrics with 4% electrostatic electret masterbatch were incorporated with a 6%, 10%, 14%, or 18% phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant. The test results indicate that the incorporation of the 6% flame retardant prevented PP melt-blown nonwoven fabrics from generating a molten drop, which, in turn, hampers the secondary flame source while increasing the fiber diameter ratio. With a combination of 4% electrostatic electret masterbatch and the 6% flame retardant, PP melt-blown nonwoven fabrics were grafted with ZIF-8 and Ag@ZIF-8. The antibacterial effect of ZIF-8 and Ag@ZIF-8 was 40% and 85%, respectively. Moreover, four reinforcing measures were used to provide Ag@ZIF-8 PP melt-blown nonwoven fabrics with synergistic effects, involving lamination, electrostatic electret, and Ag@ZIF-8 grafting, as well as a larger diameter because of the addition of phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants. As specified in the GB2626-2019 and JIS T8151-2018 respiratory resistance test standards, with a constant 60 Pa, Ag@ZIF-8 PP melt-blown nonwoven membranes were tested for a filter effect against PM 0.3. When the number of lamination layers was five, the filter effect was 88 ± 2.2%, and the respiratory resistance was 51 ± 3.6 Pa.

The high mechanical strength, large specific surface area, favorable biocompatibility, and degradability of nanocellulose (CNC) enable it to be a potential alternative to petroleum-based materials. However, the traditional preparation of CNCs requires a large amount of strong acid, which poses a serious challenge to equipment maintenance, waste liquid recycling, and economics. In this study, a solid and easily recoverable zirconium phosphate (ZrP) was used to assist in the phosphoric acid co-catalyzed hydrolysis of lignocellulose for extracting CNCs. Due to the presence of acidic phosphate groups, ZrP has a strong active center with a high catalytic activity. With the assistance of ZrP, the amount of phosphoric acid used in the reaction is significantly reduced, improving the equipment’s durability and economic efficiency. The effects of the process conditions investigated were the phosphate acid concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the yield of CNCs. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) method from the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate and optimize the preparation conditions. The optimized pre-treatment conditions were 49.27% phosphoric acid concentration, 65.38 °C reaction temperature, and 5 h reaction time with a maximal cellulose yield (48.33%). The obtained CNCs show a granular shape with a length of 40~50 nm and a diameter of 20~30 nm, while its high zeta potential (−24.5 mV) make CNCs present a stable dispersion in aqueous media. Moreover, CNCs have a high crystallinity of 78.70% within the crystal type of cellulose Ⅰ. As such, this study may pioneer the horizon for developing a green method for the efficient preparation of CNC, and it is of great significance for CNCs practical production process.

Multifunctional thermal regulation materials with good thermal properties, efficient magnetic performance, and satisfactory interface bonding on fabrics are highly desirable for protective fabrics, building winter protection materials, medical thermal regulation materials, and special-environment work clothing. Herein, a new class of magnetic phase-change PW@CaCO₃@Fe₃O₄ microcapsules was successfully produced by controlling the content of magnetic Fe₃O₄ through a self-assembly method. The microstructure, chemical composition, phase-change behavior, and magnetic properties of the products were sequentially characterized and analyzed. The findings revealed that the obtained microcapsules possessed regular spherical structure with uniform size and excellent thermal properties. Furthermore, PW@CaCO₃ with Fe₃O₄ (i.e., 8% mass fraction) showed the highest thermal regulation and magnetic properties and reached an enthalpy value of 94.25 J·g⁻¹, which is clearly superior to the value of 77.51 J·g⁻¹ for PW@CaCO₃ microcapsules. At the same time, the encapsulation efficiency of 38.7% and saturation magnetization of 2.50 emu·g⁻¹ were the best among the four given samples. Therefore, the good paramagnetic feature had a significant synergistic effect on the thermal properties of the PW@CaCO₃ microcapsules under study. More importantly, multifunctional fabrics loaded with PW@CaCO₃@Fe₃O₄ microcapsules still showed an enthalpy value of 25.81 J·g⁻¹ after several washes and have the potential to be used widely in the field of temperature control. The thermal regulation fabrics in this study exhibited excellent thermal properties and fastness, which contribute to their practical applications in advancing multifunctional textiles and high-technology modern fabrics.

Magnetic protective fabrics with fine wearability and great protective properties are highly desirable for aerospace, national defense, and wearable protective applications. The study of the controllable preparation method of Nd³⁺ doped in Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with supposed magnetic properties remains a challenge. The characterization of the microstructure, elemental composition, and magnetic properties of NdFe₂O₄ nanoparticles was verified. Then, the surface of NdFe₂O₄ was treated with glyceric acid to provide sufficient –OH. Subsequently, the connection of the nanoparticle by the succinimide group was studied and then grafted onto cotton fabrics as its bridging effect. The optimal loading rate of the functional fabrics with nanoparticles of an average size of 230 nm was 1.37% after a 25% alkali pretreatment. The color fatness to rubbing results showed better stability after washing and drying. The corresponding hysteresis loop indicated that the functional fabrics exhibited typical magnetism behavior with a closed “S” shape and a magnetic saturation value of 17.61 emu.g⁻¹ with a particle size of 230 nm. However, the magnetic saturation value of the cotton fabric of 90 nm was just 4.89 emu.g⁻¹, exhibiting controllable preparation for the aimed electromagnetic properties and great potential in radiation protective fields. The electrochemical properties of the functional fabrics exhibited extremely weak electrical conductivity caused by the movement of the magnetic dipole derived from the NdFe₂O₄ nanoparticles.