The unified right confirmation and registration of natural resources in sea areas (URCRNRSA) has been considered a key approach to the effective management and sustainable utilization of marine resources. In China, the system of URCRNRSA is insufficient due to the lack of central auditing supervision and public participation. In this study, the mechanism of stakeholder interaction is clarified based on the game relationship among the tripartite of the central government, local governments, and the public. The evolutionary process of tripartite decision-making is simulated with an evolutionary game model. On this basis, the strategic choices of the tripartite were analyzed in the four evolutionary scenarios of high-quality URCRNRSA. It was demonstrated that the tripartite could jointly affect the URCRNRSA through cooperation-constraint, principal-agent, and incentive-compatibility relationships. The most effective, realistic, and feasible URCRNRSA strategy was the trinity system with local government high-quality rights confirming, the central government auditing as a hard constraint and the public participating as a soft constraint. The main influencing factors for the tripartite to make different strategy selections were clarified through parameter sensitivity analysis, including cost, benefit, reward, and punishment. Accordingly, the policy recommendations were put forward to ensure the stable and efficient implementation of the URCRNRSA in China.

This paper studied the total factor productivity (TFP) of agriculture in the Bohai Rim region. The agricultural TFP showed the dependence of agricultural development on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, labor, science, technology, etc. By coordinating the inputs of various production factors, production efficiency can be improved, reducing the over-reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides and achieving the development and sustainability of agriculture. In this study, the sectional data of three provinces (Shandong, Hebei, and Liaoning) and two cities (Beijing and Tianjin) in the Bohai Rim region of China from 2011 to 2020 were collected, and the envelope analysis was performed on the collected data using the Malmquist index model. The results showed that the TFP of agriculture in the Bohai Rim region was greater than one, and agriculture was generally well-developed. Regionally, the agricultural productivity in Shandong Province was generally lower than in other provinces and cities. In addition, the scale efficiency was the most important factor restricting agricultural TFP in the Bohai Rim region, indicating that there was still room to improve investment in the agricultural production scale. Based on the analysis results, suggestions were made for sustainable and high-quality development of agriculture.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a pivotal half-reaction in water splitting and renewable energy conversion, suffers from intrinsically sluggish kinetics, necessitating robust electrocatalysts to lower overpotential and enhance energy efficiency. Nickel-based substrates are particularly appealing due to their ability to form compact and stable oxide layers; however, rationally constructing high-surface-area Ni supports remains a substantial challenge. Here, we develop a synergistic electrodeposition–etching strategy to fabricate clustered NiZn alloy nanowires on Ni foils, followed by mild chemical oxidation. This treatment that induces surface oxidation, promotes Fe incorporation, and drives in situ reconstruction into a nanosheet-like NiFeZn(OH)_x catalytic layer. This integrated approach overcomes common issues associated with electrodeposited coatings on NiZn nanowire clusters, including poor hydrophilicity, weak adhesion, and uncontrollable morphology. The optimized NiFeZn(OH)_x/NiZn/Ni electrode delivers outstanding OER performance in 1 M KOH, requiring only 229 mV to reach 100 mA cm⁻², with a low Tafel slope of 31.6 mV dec⁻¹, and demonstrates exceptional durability over 180 h of continuous operation without performance degradation. The superior catalytic behavior originates from the synergistic interplay between the high-surface-area NiZn nanowire scaffold and the dynamically reconstructed NiFeZn(OH)_x active phase. This work provides a generalizable strategy for engineering efficient and durable OER electrodes, offering new design principles for Ni-based alloy supports in advanced electrocatalysis.