Recent developments based on lead (Pb) halide perovskites have inspired extensive research into low-cost solar cells in attempt to overcome the primary issues such as stability and toxicity that occur in this area. Solar cell simulation of lead-free perovskite (CH₃NH₃SnBr₃) as an absorber-based solar cell was performed using SCAPS-1D simulation tool in this work. An impact of absorber layer thickness and working temperature on photovoltaic characteristics of CH₃NH₃SnBr₃-based perovskite solar cells was investigated using numerical modeling techniques. The thickness was varied from 1.0 μm to 3.0 μm, and working temperature was varied from 290 K to 330 K, and their effect was examined on the photovoltaic parameters of proposed “Back Contact/CH₃NH₃SnBr₃/CdS/ZnO/Front Contact” solar cell. The improvement in the efficiency of solar cell by optimization of CH₃NH₃SnBr₃ absorber layer thickness and working temperature was observed.

Electrochemical deposition was used to create a quaternary CZTS (Cu₂ZnSnS₄) kesterite thin layer. An aqueous solution of CZTS was used to deposit a thin layer over Indium Tin Oxide. The effects of deposition time (variation) on CZTS thin films under ambient conditions were investigated in this study. Several available characterization systems were used to study the samples as they were produced. The polycrystalline description of the layer is inveterate by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM as well as AFM study show that deposition time improved surface morphology and topography of CZTS thin films which increase several nm in grain size. Furthermore, depending upon the deposition duration, the optical study reveals an acceptable bandgap in a range of 1.44 to 1.71 eV. Characteristics of high-quality CZTS absorber layers for solar cell applications are discovered to be affected by deposition time variation. To check the effect of this bandgap variation (1.44 to 1.71 eV) on the performance of a CZTS based thin film solar cell, a simulation software SCAPS-1D is being used.