Additive manufacturing (AM) has shown the ability in processing titanium alloys. However, due to the unique thermal history in AM, the microstructure of AM-fabricated parts is metastable and non-equilibrium. This work was aiming to tailor the microstructure and to improve the mechanical properties of α+β Ti-6Al-4V alloy and metastable β Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloys by manipulating the post-process heat treatment. The results showed that Ti-6Al-4V exhibited a metastable α’ martensite microstructure in the as-fabricated condition, while a metastable β structure was formed in as-printed Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe. After post-process heat treatment, both lamellar and bimodal microstructures were obtained in Ti64 and Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloys. Especially, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy subjected to 950 °C annealing showed the lamellar structure with the highest fracture toughness of 90.8 ± 2.1 MPa.m^1/2. The one cyclically heat-treated has excellent combined strength, ductility and fracture toughness attributed to the bimodal structure. In addition, similar observations of lamellar and bimodal microstructure appeared in the post-process heat-treated Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy. This study demonstrated that heat treatment is an effective way to tackle the non-equilibrium microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of selective laser melting (SLM)-fabricated titanium alloys.

The balance between the strength and the toughness of pure tantalum (Ta) fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing is a major challenge due to the defect generation and affinity for oxygen and nitrogen. This study investigated the effects of energy density and post-vacuum annealing on the relative density and microstructure of SLMed tantalum. The influences of microstructure and impurities on strength and toughness were mainly analyzed. The results indicated that the toughness of SLMed tantalum significantly increased due to a reduction in pore defects and oxygen-nitrogen impurities, with energy density decreasing from 342 J/mm³ to 190 J/mm³. The oxygen impurities mainly stemmed from the gas inclusions of tantalum powders, while nitrogen impurities were mainly from the chemical reaction between the molten liquid tantalum and nitrogen in the atmosphere. The proportion of texture decreased after vacuum-annealing at 1200 °C, while that of the texture increased. Concurrently, the density of dislocations and small-angle grain boundaries significantly decreased while the resistance of the deformation dislocation slip was significantly reduced, enhancing the fractured elongation up to 28% at the expense of 14% tensile strength.

With recent electronic devices relying on sub-nanometer features, the understanding of device performance requires a direct probe of the atomic arrangement. As an ideal tool for crystallographic analysis at the nanoscale, aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (ACTEM) has the ability to provide atomically resolved images and core-loss spectra. Herein, the techniques for crystallographic structure analysis based on ACTEM are reviewed and discussed, particularly ACTEM techniques for measuring strain, dislocations, phase transition, and lattice in-plane misorientation. In situ observations of crystal evolution during the application of external forces or electrical fields are also introduced, so a correlation between crystal quality and device performance can be obtained.

High-strength metastable β titanium alloys are promising structural materials to be used in aviation industries. In order to achieve a high strength level, solid solution treatment within β region and subsequent low-temperature aging are usually necessary to obtain fine α precipitates. The selection of the aging temperature is considered critical to the mechanical performance of metastable β titanium alloys. In this work, we investigated the effect of aging temperature on the microscopic structure and mechanical properties of a novel type of titanium alloy TB18 (Ti-4.5Al-5Mo-5V-6Cr-1Nb). A series of aging treatments were conducted on TB18 specimens at 510 °C, 520 °C, 530 °C, and 540 °C after the solid solution treatment at 870 °C. On the basis of the systematic results of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, the behavior of the α phases affected by the varied aging temperatures were studied. As the aging temperature rose, the grain width of the α phase increased from 60 nm (510 °C) to 140 nm (540 °C). For the TB18 samples aged at 510 °C and 540 °C, the tensile strength/yield strength/impact toughness values were 1365 ± 3 MPa/1260 ± 0.9 MPa/26.5 ± 1.2 J/cm² and 1240 ± 0.9 MPa/1138 ± 0.8 MPa/36.2 ± 1.3 J/cm², respectively. As a result, the tensile performance and the grain width of the α phase agreed well with the Hall–Petch relationship. This work offers valuable support for both theoretical analyses and the heat treatment strategies on the novel TB18 titanium alloy.