Purpose: This study aims to focus on identifying the business risks that cause a delay in the oil and gas projects and suggest the way forward toward the better development of the city gas distribution (CGD) sector in India by suggesting the appropriate mitigation strategies. Design/methodology/approach: The study is a systematic review of literature on risks causing a delay in oil and gas projects. Comprehensive literature was carried out following a seven-step model to develop an exhaustive list of risk classifications and factors, risk identification methods and strategies to mitigate the risks. Weighted average ranking method is used to identify the top ten risks affecting oil and gas projects. Findings: This research identifies the top ten risks frequently impacting the oil and gas projects, which are project cost, improper project management, change in economic parameters, currency exchange rate, government regulations and laws, contractor and subcontractors issues, lack of skilled labor, delay in approvals, health and safety issues and force majeure. These risks are primarily responsible for cost overrun and project delay. Additionally, this study recommends the implementation of joint risk management to avoid CGD project delay. Originality/value: The CGD industry is in the growing stage with many projects under construction. However, there is a lack of research to manage risks in the CGD project. This study contributes to the limited literature available on risk management in oil and gas projects. Additionally, it highlights the need for further research to explore the different risks factors affecting the CGD business and its operations and subsequently develop appropriate mitigation strategies.

Green bonds have gained significant attention in supporting sustainable development goals for achieving sustainability. During the issuance of green bonds, there are a few concerns such as standardization, greenwashing, and lack of benefits that can be gained with green bonds. However, blockchain technology is a promising solution for green bond issuance because it has already shown its impact on different finance activities. This study aims to address and analyze the role and significance of green bond issuance for meeting sustainability with blockchain technology and also suggested recommendations for future research. Decentralized application based on the Algorand blockchain and high-level architecture proposed for the issuance of green bonds is at the primary level. There is no discussion regarding standardizing the environmental data, and the number of benefits gained by the green bond is not addressed in the previously published literature. From the analysis, it has been identified that a similar framework of blockchain cannot be implemented as the geographical and environmental parameters are quite different for every nation. So, every nation needs to customize the framework according to the nation's requirements. This study is the first attempt to combine information from previously published research about green bond issuance and integration of blockchain for green bond issuance, enlightening the disruption caused in the issuance of green.

Overrun in terms of increase in cost and time of the infrastructure project are considered to be one of India's major infrastructure issues. Any overrun of the infrastructure project will result in huge national losses as it uses taxpayers ' money. These losses can be caused due to poor managent of risk in the construction projects. Overrun is a common phenomenon that affects almost all railway projects. However, the limited effort has been made to limit the occurrence of overruns, the author attempts to define the significance risk factors of which are the outcome of the eighty-four(84) attributes that cause overruns and further the possible ways to deal with possible mitigation for Indian railway projects. The eighty-four (84) risk attributes have been identified through a detailed literature review and pilot study. The questionnaire survey is being conducted on the professionals working in the railway project. The statistical tool Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to understand the behaviours of the risk attributes. All the identified eleven factors are related to Contractors risk, PMC risk, Design risk, Safety & security-related risk, Financial risk, nature-related risk, Government approvals and site clearances risk, Quality related risk, contractor's cash flow related risk and fundamental risk

Disinvestment of minority share of PSU have become one of the important medium of raising revenue for the government. The government wanted to reduce its fiscal deficit by doing disinvestment of public sector enterprise. It is believed that operating performance and efficiency of Public sector enterprise gets improved after the post disinvestment period. There are many public sector enterprise whose financial performance got improved after the disinvestment.The prime focus of the study is to examine:Why there is a need for disinvestment of public sector enterprise     such as ONGC and IOCL.The impact of disinvestment on the financial and operating     performance on pre disinvestment as well as on post disinvestment period. In this study financial performance will be measured e.g. Profitability ratio, efficiency ratio, liquidity ratio, & leverage and ratio for perspective investor. The financial performance will be used to access whether there is any impact of disinvestment on company’s performance of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. & Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Â

Purpose of Study: The paper aims to assess the new face of retailing after demonetization with specific focus to the role of financial intermediaries and it also focuses on Long term solutions to drive the digital cash enabled retailing in India. Methodology: This study used a questionnaire for data collection among 250 retailers in Uttarakhand, India. The questionnaire was later on analyzed using SPSS. Qualitative data was gathered from the interview with the officials from 100 financial intermediaries from banks. Findings: The Indian retail market has been fostered by the cash dealings. The step of demonetization caught the black marketers, retailers and common people by surprise. The move was supported by the majority of people despite facing difficulties. After the demonetization, people started using the adoption of different forms of digital payment options. The trade in the market was affected and the retail sales witnessed a severe dip. The market is recovering but the actual recovery will depend on devising the substitute for the cash payments at all levels of retailers. Social implications: Financial inclusion is important for inclusive growth and bank to have a crucial role to play in financial literacy campaigns and should ensure that those deprived sections that come to exchange their old notes are properly taken care of. Banks could make unbanked people aware about the financial instruments available with banks and the importance of saving and putting their money in these instruments. This step would further help the economy move from unorganized to organized sector. The originality of Study: This study is original and first of its kind conducted in Uttarakhand, India.