Water shortage has been an issue for urbanized areas. For the Penang state in Malaysia, it is forecast that there will be a significant increase in water demand in the future. Penang authorities in Malaysia are trying to find an alternative water source to overcome the problem, with one of the options being the Perai River catchment. However, the river water quality was found to be polluted and not suitable to be used for water extraction for domestic consumption. This paper aims to study the pollution level variation due to changes in rainfall during the year in the Perai River Basin, and estimate the TMDL of the river in a particular case for BOD, COD, and NH₃N parameters. A water quality model was developed for the Perai River, Jarak River and Kulim River using InfoWorks ICM. The year 2016 was selected as a model event due to data availability. BOD, COD and NH₃N concentrations were used for TMDL calculation, and the load duration curve approach was used to estimate TMDL. The tidal effect at the downstream of the Perai River was found to impact the data analysis in the river stretch. It was found that pollutant load exceedance was the highest during the rainy season and the problematic pollutant was NH₃N. Thus, local authorities need to focus on tidal and seasonal change factors when developing action plans to manage water quality issues in this basin.

Many new agricultural activities resulted in severe soil erosion across the Cameron Highlands’ land surface. Therefore, this study determines the cover (C) and land management (P) factors of the USLE for predicting soil loss risk in Cameron Highlands using a Geographic Information System (GIS). For this study, data from the Department of Agriculture Malaysia (DOAM) and the Department of Town and Country Planning Malaysia (PLANMalaysia) were used to generate several C&P factors in the Cameron Highlands. Data from both agencies have resulted in C factors with 0.01 to 1.00 and P factors with 0.30 to 0.49. Due to the cover and land management factor varies depending on the data collected by the various agencies, this study used the two data sets to come up with a C&P factor that accurately reflected both agricultural and urban growth effects. RKLS factors of USLE were obtained from the DOAM with values R (2375–2875), K (0.005), LS (2.5–25), respectively. The Cameron Highlands’ soil loss risk with these new C&P values resulted in a soil loss of 6.72 per cent (4547.22 hectares) from high to critical, with a percentage difference range of −0.77 to +3.37 under both agencies, respectively.

Lean Six Sigma has been used successfully in industry, healthcare, and banking, among other fields, to deal with these problems. By using Lean Six Sigma, costs have been cut by a lot, quality has improved, and effecti eness has gone up. But there isn’t much study on how Lean Six Sigma could be used in the transportation industry. Because the transportation industry is so intricate and ever- changing, it must have procedures that are both efficien and effecti e in order to guarantee that both people and goods will be transported in a secure manner and on time. Over the past few years, companies in the transportation industry have been looking for ways to improve the quality and efficiency of their processes, which has led to an uptick in interest in the application of Lean Six Sigma.

Manganese Removal in Groundwater Treatment Using Marble

Sustainable water management refers to the utilization of water resources in a manner that fulfills present ecological, social, and economic requirements without undermining the potential to satisfy those requirements in the future. In this approach, water quality models are essential tools to provide important information for protecting and improving water resources over the long term. Several models, including QUAL2K, BATHTUB, EFDC, MIKE, and WASP, are commonly used in the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). While these models employ different approaches, QUAL2K is recognized for its user-friendly design and reliable results. However, as water quality management becomes more complex, there is an increasing need to enhance QUAL2K’s functionality through integration with other programs. This review also explores the comparative analysis of BATHTUB, EFDC, MIKE, and WASP and outlines the QUAL2K model’s future directions. This paper provides valuable insights into the QUAL2K model, helping researchers to understand the model and choose the most suitable model for specific water quality challenges. It can also equip them with the knowledge to make informed decisions for effective water management.