Objective: This paper primarily aimed to review articles which specifically quantified the risk of electronic cigarette’s (e-cigarette) usage via the health risk assessment (HRA) approach. Methods: Systematic literature searches were conducted using PubMed search engine databases. Search terms such as “electronic cigarette”, “e-cigarette”, “electronic nicotine delivery systems”, “electronic cigarette liquid”, “electronic cigarette vapors”, and “health risk assessment” were used to identify the relevant articles to be included in this review. To enable comparison, hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for the chemicals measured in the selected articles were calculated for three of the articles using the formula: [1] HQ=average daily dose (ADD)/reference dose (RfD) or exposure air concentration (EC)/reference concentration (RfC); [2] LCR=lifetime average daily dose (LADD) × cancer slope factor (CSF) or exposure air concentration (EC) × inhalation unit risk (IUR). Results: Four articles pertaining to HRA of e-cigarettes were critically reviewed, three of the papers focused on specific chemicals namely nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, while one article evaluated the health risks posed by heavy metals contained in e-cigarettes. The calculated HQs for the chemicals in this review had large variations. HQs of the six chemicals, i.e. nicotine, PG, glycerol, cadmium, ethylene glycol, nickel, aluminum and titanium, were found to have the potential to contribute to non-carcinogenic health risks. None of the LCR calculated had risks exceeding the acceptable limit. Conclusion: There are limited HRA studies and the ones that were available provided inconsistent scientific evidences on the health risk characterization arising from the usage of e-cigarettes. As such, there is a need to perform more studies on HRA of e-cigarettes by using uniformed and comprehensive steps and similar reference threshold levels of exposures.

Introduction: High levels of burnout are prevalent among Emergency Department staff due to chronic exposure to job stress. There is a lack of knowledge about anteceding factors and outcomes of burnout in this population. Aims: To provide a comprehensive overview of burnout and identify its workplace antecedents and outcomes among Emergency Department staff. Methods: The scoping study will follow the methodology outlined by the Joanna Briggs Institute. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, APA PsycInfo, and CINAHL databases will be searched using predefined strategies. Two reviewers will screen the title, abstract and full text separately based on the eligibility criteria. Data will be charted, coded, and narratively synthesized based on the job demands–resources model. Conclusion: The results will provide insights into the underlying work-related factors contributing to burnout and its implications for individuals, healthcare organizations, and patient care.

The resilience of healthcare workers has gained increasing attention, yet comprehensive studies focusing on recent trends and developments are scarce. We conducted an extensive bibliometric analysis from inception to 2023 to address this gap. Publications on healthcare workers' resilience were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Bibliometric analysis was conducted with CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica, focusing on annual publications, country/region, institution, journal, author, keyword analysis, and reference co-citation analysis related to resilience in healthcare workers. The analysis included 750 documents, revealing a general upward trend in publications across 67 countries/regions, 1,251 institutions, and 3,166 authors. The USA and China emerged as the top contributors, with 192 and 168 publications, respectively. Based on keyword analysis and reference co-citation analysis, the focus areas include the Resilience Scale, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HCWs and their resilience, and nurse resilience. This study highlights the growing interest in healthcare workers' resilience by using bibliometric and visualization techniques for effective analysis. This paper will enhance scholars' understanding of the dynamic evolution of healthcare workers' resilience and identify emerging research topics.

Background: Since December 2019, COVID-19 pandemic has continued to grow it spread and has currently affected more than 200 countries and for the last four months, healthcare workers (HCW) has worked performed their duties endlessly, more than the norms at their respective health care facility. Therefore this review paper aims to describe healthcare workers issues in managing the current COVID-19 pandemic Materials and Methods: Articles were chosen using a structured search via three electronic databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, and Direct Science coupled with a combination of keywords namely "healthcare workers" OR "health staff" AND "COVID19". Other inclusion criteria include full accessible, original studies in English language, published in peer-reviewed journals from December 2019 till 30th April 2020. Result and Discussion: A total of 17 articles were chosen to be reviewed which can be further broadly categorised into three domains which are; physical effects, psychological effects and socioeconomic effects. COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers is not uncommon as they represent the essential human resources in managing the pandemic. Of the three effects, mental health burden ranging from anxiety to burnout was studied along with its risk and protective factors discussed. Socioeconomic factors describe how prevention and control measures adopted has given a toll to this vulnerable group. Conclusion: Health-related effects and unforeseen factors has impacted healthcare workers such as the direct effect of the infection, issues related to the use of personal protective equipment, the spectrum of mental health burden as well as the socio-economic effects as a result of the demands faced by them in responding and providing healthcare needs.