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Significant research efforts have been invested in the automotive industry on hybrid-electrified powertrains in order to reduce the passenger cars’ dependence on oil. Powertrains electrification resulted in a wide range of hybrid vehicle architectures. Fuel consumption of these powertrains strongly relies on the energy converters performance, as well as on the energy management strategy deployed on-board. This paper investigates the potential of energy consumption savings of a serial hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) using a hydrogen proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as energy converter operating as an auxiliary power unit (APU) instead of the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE). A PEMFC model is developed and the thermodynamic system efficiency is simulated. The PEMFC APU is integrated in the modelled SHEV powertrain. The hydrogen stored on board is gaseous and pressurized under 700 bars. Energy consumption simulations are performed on WLTP cycle with 4 different battery capacities using dynamic programing as global optimal energy management strategy. The results show improved efficiency with PEMFC as an auxiliary power unit (APU) compared to ICE. The auxiliary power unit consumes less than 1 kg/100 km of hydrogen on a normalized cycle. The integration of an additional power unit based on PEMFC is studied as a solution for the extension of the range of the electric vehicles.
Zlatina Dimitrovar; Wissam Bou Nader. PEM fuel cell as an auxiliary power unit for range extended hybrid electric vehicles. Energy 2021, 121933 .
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrovar, Wissam Bou Nader. PEM fuel cell as an auxiliary power unit for range extended hybrid electric vehicles. Energy. 2021; ():121933.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrovar; Wissam Bou Nader. 2021. "PEM fuel cell as an auxiliary power unit for range extended hybrid electric vehicles." Energy , no. : 121933.
Hydrogen ecosystem and hydrogen economy are relevant topics for the mobility. This article summarizes the ways of production of "green" hydrogen. The hydrogen storage and transportation are discussed as well. The article presents the concept of electric vehicle with serial range extender to extend the vehicle autonomy. Fuel cell system powered by hydrogen produced through reforming of liquid fuel from renewable resources such as bioethanol is considered as a range extender module. Alkaline fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell are investigated for the use of a variety of liquid fuels instead of traditionally used hydrogen in others types of fuel cells. This article investigates the energy balance of the different types of fuel cells, powered by bio-ethanol. Three variants for ethanol conversion are investigated: variant 1 : reforming of bio-ethanol in external reformer to hydrogen and its conversion in alkaline fuel cell, variant 2: reforming of bio-ethanol in external reformer to hydrogen and its conversion in a solid oxide fuel cell; variant 3 : direct reforming of the bio-ethanol in the solid oxide fuel cell. The chemical processes for each variant are proposed and thermodynamic energy balance is calculated. From the results is visible that the most efficient configuration is the variant 3, the direct reforming of the bio-ethanol by the solid oxide fuel cell. The variant 3 delivers 15 MJ of energy output per kilogram of bio-ethanol, used in the fuel cell.
Zlatina Dimitrova. Fuel cell electric vehicles. Investigation of the energy balance for optimal reforming process of bio-ethanol. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2020, 1002, 012025 .
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova. Fuel cell electric vehicles. Investigation of the energy balance for optimal reforming process of bio-ethanol. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020; 1002 (1):012025.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova. 2020. "Fuel cell electric vehicles. Investigation of the energy balance for optimal reforming process of bio-ethanol." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1002, no. 1: 012025.
Car manufacturers need to develop efficient technologies to reduce emissions and save fuel in order to cater of European regulations and satisfy customers' requirements. Internal combustion engines have a main limitation on efficiency due mainly to the heat losses. Processing an energy integration, it has been shown than an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) can improve the overall powertrain efficiency by recovering the heat into electricity. In parallel, hybrid electric vehicles attractiveness increases as it enables important energy saving. The contribution of this article is to design highly efficient vehicles, using both Organic Rankine Cycle and hybrid electric technologies. An adapted methodology based on energy integration techniques is required to choose the best points for the integrated system design. This study applies a methodology on hybrid electric vehicles, so as to define the powertrain configuration of the vehicle that is energy integrated. The energy recovery potential of a single stage Organic Rankine Cycle for a thermal engine in combination with a mild hybrid electric powertrain is studied. The assessment is done for different drive cycles. A study of economic feasibility and fuel consumption improvement is also done, in order to characterize the integrated energy system.
Zlatina Dimitrova. Performance and economic analysis of an organic Rankine Cycle for hybrid electric vehicles. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 664, 012009 .
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova. Performance and economic analysis of an organic Rankine Cycle for hybrid electric vehicles. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 664 (1):012009.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova. 2019. "Performance and economic analysis of an organic Rankine Cycle for hybrid electric vehicles." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 664, no. 1: 012009.
This article studies an innovative concept for vehicle propulsion, considered to deliver mobility services and integrated energy services for a household. An innovative converter – a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with gas turbines system (SOFC- GT) is powering an electric vehicle. The vehicle architecture is as a serial range extender used to charge the high voltage battery. The range extender vehicle is optimized according to techno-economic and environmental criteria. It is researched to deliver optimal mobility and is integrated to the extended energy system, including the household needs. When the vehicle is unused is considered to be connected to the household and to deliver part of the energy services. In this configuration, the services of extended energy system are optimized. The environomic optimization concerns the extended energy system – vehicle and household and optimal designs for the integrated system are researched. The vehicle integrates energy services for mobility and household and becomes part of the large-scale energy grid for integrated services. The vehicle is sized for both uses. The major advantage of the energy integrated dual system is the reduction of the total global warming potential (GWP) impact with around 30000 kg CO2 eq. (60%). – from 50590 kg CO2 eq. to 20338 kg CO2 in comparison to separate energy services for mobility and household needs.
Zlatina Dimitrova. Integration of the environomic energy services for mobility and household using electric vehicle with a range extender of solid oxide fuel cell. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 664, 012008 .
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova. Integration of the environomic energy services for mobility and household using electric vehicle with a range extender of solid oxide fuel cell. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 664 (1):012008.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova. 2019. "Integration of the environomic energy services for mobility and household using electric vehicle with a range extender of solid oxide fuel cell." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 664, no. 1: 012008.
This paper presents an innovative application of an electromagnetic actuator for a future camless engine valvetrain. The actuators are designed for small gasoline engine. The design method is inversed to create a control-oriented model. The control architecture is designed for a robust control of the actuator. An experimental test bench is built for the correlation of the control model with experimental measures. Control strategies are developed and the performance indicators of the actuators are evaluated. The robust controller method uses CRONE system design methodology. The investigations show that the design of the innovative actuator and of its controller provide very good dynamic performances.
Zlatina Dimitrova; Massinissa Tari; Patrick Lanusse; François Aioun; Xavier Moreau. Development and Control of a Camless Engine Valvetrain. IFAC-PapersOnLine 2019, 52, 399 -404.
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova, Massinissa Tari, Patrick Lanusse, François Aioun, Xavier Moreau. Development and Control of a Camless Engine Valvetrain. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2019; 52 (5):399-404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova; Massinissa Tari; Patrick Lanusse; François Aioun; Xavier Moreau. 2019. "Development and Control of a Camless Engine Valvetrain." IFAC-PapersOnLine 52, no. 5: 399-404.
The increase of the effective efficiency of the internal combustion engines is important for the fuel consumption reduction and the CO2 emission reduction. The variable engine valve trains are important for the gas exchanges and influence directly the effective efficiency of the internal combustion engine. With the increased electrifications of the vehicles, variable valve train based on electricity driven actuators presents interest for investigation for gasoline engines for vehicular application. This article presents an innovative application of an electromagnetic actuator for a future variable engine valve train. The actuators are designed for small gasoline engine. The design of a high performing and dynamic electromechanical system leads to a nonlinear behavior of the actuator. The nonlinearities that have to be faced come from the magnetic laws and the mechanical friction. In the final control strategy, it is proposed to compensate them both with nonlinear feedforward actions and with a linear robust feedback controller, which is able to reject all what cannot be predicted. An experimental test bench is built for the correlation of the control model with experimental measures. Control strategies are developed and the performance indicators of the actuators are evaluated. The robust controller method uses CRONE system control methodology. The investigations show that very good dynamic performances of the controller are obtained.
Zlatina Dimitrova; Massinissa Tari; Patrick Lanusse; François Aioun; Xavier Moreau. Robust control for an electromagnetic actuator for a camless engine,. Mechatronics 2018, 57, 109 -128.
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova, Massinissa Tari, Patrick Lanusse, François Aioun, Xavier Moreau. Robust control for an electromagnetic actuator for a camless engine,. Mechatronics. 2018; 57 ():109-128.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova; Massinissa Tari; Patrick Lanusse; François Aioun; Xavier Moreau. 2018. "Robust control for an electromagnetic actuator for a camless engine,." Mechatronics 57, no. : 109-128.
This paper introduces the major priorities of the automotive industry of reducing energy consumption and emissions of the passenger cars of the future and of delivering an efficient mobility service for customers. The number of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles is increasing in the mobility market. The problems of the range and the energy storage of the vehicle on board are important. This paper studies the energy system of electric vehicles for different ranges and mobility usages. A multi-objective optimization method is applied to estimate the optimal vehicle energy system designs for urban mobility and for long way electric mobility (> 500 km). Optimal designs considering technical, economic and environmental criteria are presented. The relations between the vehicle ranges and the energy densities of high voltage batteries are illustrated. The boundary of the system is extended to the vehicles and the grid system, including the charging infrastructure. The vehicle energy systems and recharging needs are analysed for a range of 500 km on electric drive.
Zlatina Dimitrova. Optimal designs of electric vehicles for long-range mobility. MATEC Web of Conferences 2018, 234, 02001 .
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova. Optimal designs of electric vehicles for long-range mobility. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018; 234 ():02001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova. 2018. "Optimal designs of electric vehicles for long-range mobility." MATEC Web of Conferences 234, no. : 02001.
To meet the targets of sustainable development and greenhouse emission reduction of the future vehicles fleet, the automotive industry needs to deploy cost-competitive and efficient advanced energy conversion systems for the future commercial personal vehicles. The efficiency improvement needs induce to search new structured methodologies allowing the integration of the efficiency/cost vision for different vehicle energy technologies, in the earlier design stage of the new vehicles and their propulsion systems. This article proposes a method to compare systematically different vehicles design options under different economic and environmental scenarios. The proposed methodology combines flowsheeting vehicles models, energy integration techniques, economic evaluation and life cycle assessment in a computational platform. The methodology is applied on electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. This article presents the application of a systematic environomic optimization for vehicle energy systems. The efficiency, economic and environmental performances are assessed for different energy technology options and their integration in advanced vehicles powertrains. The performances indicators are compared and the trade-off are assessed to support decision making and to identify optimal energy systems configurations.
Zlatina Dimitrova. Vehicle propulsion systems design methods. MATEC Web of Conferences 2017, 133, 2001 .
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova. Vehicle propulsion systems design methods. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017; 133 ():2001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova. 2017. "Vehicle propulsion systems design methods." MATEC Web of Conferences 133, no. : 2001.
The improvement of the efficiency of vehicle energy systems stimulate active search to find innovative solutions during the design process. Engineers can use computer-aided processes to find automatically the best design solutions. This kind of approach named “multi-objective optimization” is based on genetic algorithms. The idea is to obtain simultaneously a population of possible design solutions corresponding to the most efficient energy system definition for a vehicle. These solutions will be optimal from technical and economic point of view .This paper presents a systematic optimization methodology for vehicle energy systems that delivers the designs of optimal vehicle powertrain solutions and their optimal operating strategies in a holistic way. The methodology is applied on D class hybrid electric vehicles, in order to define the powertrain configurations, to estimate the cost of the powertrain equipment and the optimal operating parameters. The optimal designs and operating strategies are researched for the normalized European driving cycle. The optimization can be done on-line and consider the next step of the driving cycle, which allow for predictive energy distribution strategies.
Zlatina Dimitrova. Predictive and holistic energy distribution for hybrid electric vehicles. MATEC Web of Conferences 2017, 133, 2002 .
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova. Predictive and holistic energy distribution for hybrid electric vehicles. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017; 133 ():2002.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova. 2017. "Predictive and holistic energy distribution for hybrid electric vehicles." MATEC Web of Conferences 133, no. : 2002.
Zlatina Dimitrova; Francois Marechal. Environomic design for electric vehicles with an integrated solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) unit as a range extender. Renewable Energy 2017, 112, 124 -142.
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova, Francois Marechal. Environomic design for electric vehicles with an integrated solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) unit as a range extender. Renewable Energy. 2017; 112 ():124-142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova; Francois Marechal. 2017. "Environomic design for electric vehicles with an integrated solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) unit as a range extender." Renewable Energy 112, no. : 124-142.
Zlatina Dimitrova; Pierre Lourdais; Francois Marechal. Performance and economic optimization of an organic rankine cycle for a gasoline hybrid pneumatic powertrain. Energy 2015, 86, 574 -588.
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova, Pierre Lourdais, Francois Marechal. Performance and economic optimization of an organic rankine cycle for a gasoline hybrid pneumatic powertrain. Energy. 2015; 86 ():574-588.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova; Pierre Lourdais; Francois Marechal. 2015. "Performance and economic optimization of an organic rankine cycle for a gasoline hybrid pneumatic powertrain." Energy 86, no. : 574-588.
Zlatina Dimitrova; François Maréchal. Energy integration on multi-periods and multi-usages for hybrid electric and thermal powertrains. Energy 2015, 83, 539 -550.
AMA StyleZlatina Dimitrova, François Maréchal. Energy integration on multi-periods and multi-usages for hybrid electric and thermal powertrains. Energy. 2015; 83 ():539-550.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZlatina Dimitrova; François Maréchal. 2015. "Energy integration on multi-periods and multi-usages for hybrid electric and thermal powertrains." Energy 83, no. : 539-550.