Herein, improving the antibacterial activity of a hydrogel system of sodium alginate (SA) and basic chitosan (CS) using sodium hydrogen carbonate by adding AgNPs was investigated. SA-coated AgNPs produced by ascorbic acid or microwave heating were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Unlike ascorbic acid, the microwave-assisted method produced uniform and stable SA-AgNPs with an optimal reaction time of 8 min. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the formation of SA-AgNPs with an average particle size of 9 ± 2 nm. Moreover, UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed the optimal conditions for SA-AgNP synthesis (0.5% SA, 50 mM AgNO₃, and pH 9 at 80 °C). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed that the –COO⁻ group of SA electrostatically interacted with either the Ag⁺ or –NH₃⁺ of CS. Adding glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) to the mixture of SA-AgNPs/CS resulted in a low pH (below the pKa of CS). An SA-AgNPs/CS gel was formed successfully and retained its shape. This hydrogel exhibited 25 ± 2 mm and 21 ± 1 mm inhibition zones against E. coli and B. subtilis and showed low cytotoxicity. Additionally, the SA-AgNP/CS gel showed higher mechanical strength than SA/CS gels, possibly due to the higher crosslink density. In this work, a novel antibacterial hydrogel system was synthesized via 8 min of microwave heating.

Novel wound dressing materials are required to non-cytotoxic with a viable cell ratio of above 92%. Herein, the cytotoxicity of hyaluronic acid/chitosan/bacterial cellulose-based (BC(CS/HA)) membranes are evaluated and compared to that of alginate/chitosan/bacterial cellulose-based (BC(CS/Alg)) membranes was investigated. Multilayer membranes with up to ten CS/HA or CS/Alg layers were prepared using the layer-by-layer (LBL) method. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the diameters of the fibers in the BC(CS/Alg) and BC(CS/HA) membranes were larger than those in a BC membrane. The cytotoxicity was analyzed using BALB-3T3 clone A31 cells (mouse fibroblasts, 1 × 10⁴ cells/well). The BC(CS/HA)₅ and BC(CS/HA)₁₀ membranes exhibited high biocompatibility, with the cell viabilities of 94% and 87% at 5 d, respectively, compared to just 82% for the BC(CS/Alg)₅ and BC(CS/Alg)₁₀ membranes with same numbers of layers. These results suggested that BC(CS/HA)₅ is a promising material for wound dressings.

This study successfully synthesized functionalized silver nanoparticle/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber/chitosan (AgNP/TOCN/CS) composite fibers. First, the TOCN/CS composite fibers were prepared through the wet-spinning technique, yielding Ag/TOCN/CS composite fibers after immersion in a 5 mM AgNO₃ aqueous solution for 3 h, followed by washing with 100 mL of deionized water five times. Second, upon heat treatment without adding other reducing agents, TOCN reduced the Ag+ in the Ag/TOCN/CS composite fibers to AgNP/TOCN/CS composite fibers on the surface of the CS fibers. The fiber color changed from white to yellow-orange when the temperature changed from 100 to 170 °C. In addition, the results suggest that the heat treatment at 130 °C for 20 min was the optimal heat treatment condition. Meanwhile, soaking the fibers in 50 mM ascorbic acid for 1 min is the best condition for ascorbic acid reduction. The antibacterial test results showed that the AgNP/TOCN/CS composite fibers formed via ascorbic acid reduction exhibited better antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis than those produced via heat treatment. In summary, AgNPs formed on the fiber surface of AgNP/TOCN/CS composite fibers and showed antibacterial activity, confirming the successful addition of antibacterial properties to TOCN/CS composite fibers.

Nanofibrous mats were obtained from electrospinning Nylon-6 solutions with concentrations of 30 and 35 wt% and were tested for filtration of polystyrene particles in suspension. Some experimental results were compared with the simulated ones. In the simulation, the two-dimensional structures were constructed by randomly depositing a nanofiber, which was assumed as an ellipse with an aspect ratio of 100, one by one. The nanofiber size is assumed to be polydisperse. The results showed that simulated configurations resembled real nanofibers with polydisperse diameters. Fibers from higher solution concentration were larger, resulting in larger pore size, which was confirmed with simulations. Varying the size distribution around the same average value did not make any difference to the surface coverage but it affected 2D pore areas for the systems at low fiber density. In addition, the probability for a particle to pass through the porous structure was less when the fiber density was higher and the particle diameter was larger, which was consistent with the filtration test. Lastly, water flux measurement could yield the void volume fraction as well as the volume-averaged pore diameter, which was found to be greater than the averaged 2D pore diameter from SEM micrographs by the quantity related to the fiber size.

In this study, nonwoven gelatin (Gel) fabrics crosslinked using N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) were characterized and compared with those crosslinked using methylglyoxal (MG) and by thermal dehydration. We prepared Gel with 25% concentration along with Gel/GlcNAc and Gel/MG with a GlcNAc-to-Gel ratio of 5% and MG-to-Gel ratio of 0.6%. A high voltage of 23 kV, solution temperature of 45 °C, and distance of 10 cm between the tip and the collector were applied during electrospinning. The electrospun Gel fabrics were crosslinked by heat treatment at 140 and 150 °C for 1 d. The electrospun Gel/GlcNAc fabrics were treated at 100 and 150 °C for 2 d, while the Gel/MG fabrics were heat-treated for 1 d. The Gel/MG fabrics exhibited higher tensile strength and lower elongation than the Gel/GlcNAc fabrics. Overall, Gel/MG crosslinked at 150 °C for 1 d showed a significant enhancement in tensile strength, high hydrolytic degradation, and excellent biocompatibility, with cell viability percentages of 105 and 130% at 1 and 3 d, respectively. Therefore, MG is a promising Gel crosslinker.