This work involved two major parts: the first Part is the experimental part included manufacturing ankle foot orthotics, measure the (the reaction force of the ground, pressure distribution) for both normal (healthy) and sound side (intake) legs in two case, the first measurement when the patient walking without orthosis while the second test when the patient dressed up the flexible (AFO). The pressure generated between leg and calf part is measured by F-Socket devise. The experimental part also consist test the mechanical properties of a suggestion composite material. The second Part is the (FEM) finite element analysis for numerical simulation part during which the stresses are calculated using ANSYS 14.5 software. Experimental work was done on a case study suffering from low level spinal cord trauma he has good control of the trunk muscles but the muscle weakness and nerve damage for right leg. The patient with age, weight of 30years, 75kg, respectively. The Results show the parameters of test for both legs (left and right) in two cases. The results show that the data of the gait cycle in the case of the patient wearing the brace is more acceptable and we notice improvement in the performance of walking steps and reduce the difference between the infected leg and natural and this indicates the good evaluation of this orthosis. Max pressure obtained is 1.53*10^5MPa from F .Socket at calf region .Max stress Calculated at Posterior ankle joint because it is flexible Position The equivalent Von-Mises stress and the safety factor for fatigue of the composite material gave good results this led to the longer life design.

This study aims to design a robust and optimal controller to overcome the problems related to the existence of disturbances and uncertainties during takeoff and landing operations of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. The dynamics are decomposed into two phase’s parts which are the minimum phase and the non-minimum phase. These two-part are controlled by proposing a robust nonlinear controller represented by sliding mode control (SMC). Also, the chattering effect due to the fast-switching surface in SMC is eliminated by utilizing a proposed sigmoid function which acts as the sigmoid function. The controller's main parameters are tuned optimally based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. In addition, the controller guaranteed the system stability based on the Lyapunov and Routh theories. The main output parameter responses represented by the positioning of the centre of mass and angle of rolling are determined with bounded control inputs. The performance of the proposed controller is tested by tracking VTOL parameters to the desired trajectories. The simulated results not only showed a significant tracking trajectory but also system stability guaranteed. In addition, the results showed an improved rate of 72% and 84% compared with those results obtained from the literature.

This study aims to increase the mechanical properties of the composite material manufactured by the lamination process. In this study, the lamination process will be implemented in two ways, and mechanical properties are compared between the two methods. The first method covers the lamination process under the influence of vacuum pressure only, while in the second method lamination process is achieved by the influence of vacuum pressure and vibrate by shaker device. The results showed that the endurance stress of fatigue increased by 18.18% for the material manufactured by the lamination process under the influence of vibration, while the yield stress and ultimate stress values remained roughly constant for both methods.

The pylon is an essential part of lower limb prosthetics. It is usually made of titanium, aluminum, and steel. However, it is expensive and difficult to be available in developing countries, especially for children who suffer from amputation. Moreover, they constantly need new pylon pieces during close periods due to the growth and increase in the child's length.Purpose: This study aims to design an adjustable pylon that can change in length to suit the increase in the length of the healthy leg of the child without the need for a new pylon and reduce the economic cost.Design/methodology/approach: In this study, an adjustable pylon model was designed using the CAD software (Solid work) and work to manufacture the pylon from low-cost materials (carbon fiber filament) capable of bearing the amputee's weight, and manufacturing printed parts by using additive manufacturing technical (CREALITY CR20 3D printer).Findings: The results showed that the pylon is successful in design and strength as it bears the patient's weight without any failure or buckling, and the proof that the maximum amount of stress generated is 27.8 MPa, which is far from the value of the yield stress.Originality/value: The design of the adjustable pylon prototype offers good strength and ability to bear the patient weight, reducing the cost and time of manufacturing.

The objective of this study is to simulate material selection for fabricating hip joint prostheses from light-weight, low-cost materials which are also strong and durable. In this study, Co-Cr alloy CoCrWNi (F90), stainless steel ASIS 410, and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V) material selection as the potential candidate for the suggested implant to manufacture a joint that is characterized by lightweight, low cost, does not react chemically with the human body and can bear the weight of the patient without mechanical failure. With this study, it was concluded the stainless steel ASIS 410 was selected as the best material selection since it passed engineering analysis, acceptable weight, and low cost compared to other proposed materials.

The aim of this study is to design a pylon with an engineering structure that gives it support and strength and manufacture a pylon characterized by low cost, lightweight, and bearing the patient's weight. This study designed two pylon models and fabricated by additive manufacturing techniques. The polylactic acid polymer is used as the filament for the 3D printing of pylons. A force plate and tensile test with finite element method simulation ANSYS software were applied to the pylons to evaluate their performance. The results showed that 3D printed pylon with Y-section has enough strength under stress and good safety factor, and the ability to bear a high patient load without buckling and exceed the requirements to become instead of the metallic prosthetic pylons.