A priori knowledge of target detection probability is of critical importance in the Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density (PHD) and cardinalized PHD (CPHD) filters. In addition, these two filters require that the process noise and measurement noise of the state propagated in the recursion be Gaussian. These limitations may restrict the two filters' application in real problems. To accommodate unknown target detection probability and nonnegative non-Gaussian parameters, this paper proposes a new implementation based on inverse gamma Gaussian mixtures, introducing a location independent feature whose posterior probability density and likelihood function are nonnegative non-Gaussian inverse gamma and gamma functions to determine detection probability incorporated into the recursions. The derivation of the merging inverse gamma components is also presented to prevent the unbounded increase of mixture components by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence. First, a real heavy-clutter scenario is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed filters in track initiation and target tracking without known detection probability. Then, simulations are presented to demonstrate that the proposed CPHD and PHD filters can achieve multitarget tracking performance similar to the standard counterparts with known target detection probability, and that they outperform the standard counterparts in scenarios with unknown and dynamically changing detection probability. The robustness of the proposed filters is tested in both real and simulation scenarios. It is also shown that the analytical and empirical computational complexities of the proposed filters are similar to those of their standard counterparts. Response: They have been cited, and we have discussed them in the introduction in page 1 line 65-78.

The joint detection and tracking of multiple targets from raw thermal infrared (TIR) image observations plays a significant role in the video surveillance field, and it has extensive applied foreground and practical value. In this paper, a novel multiple-target track-before-detect (TBD) method, which is based on background subtraction within the framework of labeled random finite sets (RFS) is presented. First, a background subtraction method based on a random selection strategy is exploited to obtain the foreground probability map from a TIR sequence. Second, in the foreground probability map, the probability of each pixel belonging to a target is calculated by non-overlapping multi-target likelihood. Finally, a $\delta$ generalized labeled multi-Bernoulli ( $\delta$ -GLMB) filter is employed to produce the states of multi-target along with their labels. Unlike other RFS-based filters, the proposed approach describes the target state by a pixel set instead of a single point. To meet the requirement of factual application, some extra procedures, including pixel sampling and update, target merging and splitting, and new birth target initialization, are incorporated into the algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed method performs better in multi-target detection than six compared methods. Also, the method is effective for the continuous tracking of multi-targets.

The structure and photoluminescent properties of films obtained by modified laser-induced forward transfer of silicon are presented. Strong variations in structure with ambient gas composition are observed: in Ar, porous films of mutually agglomerated silicon nanoparticles are observed, while in air the films consist of a network of hyperbranched nanowires (SiHBNWs) whose diameter varies periodically along their length, and which are composed of crystalline silicon nanoparticles surrounded and interconnected by amorphous silicon oxide of varying stoichiometry. The mechanisms of formation of the structures are dwelt upon and explained in term of dynamics within the plume. For the SiHBNWs, the pioneering use of fluorescence imaging was employed to obtain evidence for the photoluminescence originating from the crystalline nanoparticles themselves, and origins of the emission bands are thus attributed to radiative recombination of excitons at the Si/SiO(2) interface accordingly.