This paper presents a non-intrusive subdomain POD-TPWL (SD POD-TPWL) for reservoir history matching through integrating domain decomposition (DD), proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), radial basis function (RBF) interpolation, and the trajectory piecewise linearization (TPWL). It is an efficient approach for model reduction and linearization of general non-linear time-dependent dynamical systems without accessing to the legacy source code. In the subdomain POD-TPWL algorithm, firstly, a sequence of snapshots over the entire computational domain is saved and then partitioned into subdomains. From the local sequence of snapshots over each subdomain, a number of local basis vectors is formed using POD, and then the RBF interpolation is used to estimate the derivative matrices for each subdomain. Finally, those derivative matrices are substituted into a POD-TPWL algorithm to form a reduced-order linear model in each subdomain. This reduced-order linear model makes the implementation of the adjoint easy and results in an efficient adjoint-based parameter estimation procedure. Comparisons with the classic finite-difference-based history matching show that our proposed subdomain POD-TPWL approach is obtaining comparable results. The number of full-order model simulations required is roughly 2–3 times the number of uncertain parameters. Using different background parameter realizations, our approach efficiently generates an ensemble of calibrated models without additional full-order model simulations.

Global and regional correlations between observed anomalies in sea surface temperature and height are investigated. A strong agreement between the two fields is found over a broad range of latitudes for different ocean basins. From a global frequency spectrum, a mean SST damping timescale of 2–3 months was found with westward and eastward propagating anomalies contributing more or less equally to the total variance. Time–longitude plots and wavenumber–frequency spectra show a significant advective forcing of SST anomalies by a first-mode baroclinic eddy or wave field on spatial scales down to 400 km and timescales as short as 1 month. A scaling analysis of forcing terms in a mixed layer temperature model suggests that Ekman terms are expected to be smaller in magnitude. Even though the magnitude of the mean background temperature gradient determines the effectiveness of the forcing, there is no obvious seasonality that can be detected in the amplitudes of SST anomalies. Instead, individual waveli... Abstract Global and regional correlations between observed anomalies in sea surface temperature and height are investigated. A strong agreement between the two fields is found over a broad range of latitudes for different ocean basins. From a global frequency spectrum, a mean SST damping timescale of 2–3 months was found with westward and eastward propagating anomalies contributing more or less equally to the total variance. Time–longitude plots and wavenumber–frequency spectra show a significant advective forcing of SST anomalies by a first-mode baroclinic eddy or wave field on spatial scales down to 400 km and timescales as short as 1 month. A scaling analysis of forcing terms in a mixed layer temperature model suggests that Ekman terms are expected to be smaller in magnitude. Even though the magnitude of the mean background temperature gradient determines the effectiveness of the forcing, there is no obvious seasonality that can be detected in the amplitudes of SST anomalies. Instead, individual waveli...