Methods for cleaning and neutralizing liquid production wastes are largely determined by the specifics of the enterprise and the physicochemical properties of the circulating substances. Wastes from organic synthesis enterprises containing benzene, toluene, xylene and similar substances are as a rule subjected to mechanical and physico-chemical methods of purification. Wastewater containing difficult-to-oxidize impurities undergoes a multi-stage biological treatment, which can sufficiently oxidize the alcohols and carboxylic acids contained in the wastewater. In some cases, after complete biological treatment, to reduce color and destroy difficult-to-oxidize components, methods of deeper purification are used: coagulation, filtration, ion exchange, ozonation, etc. However, the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid waste reduces the effectiveness of biological methods and leads to the need for additional use of mechanical, chemical and physicochemical methods (sorption, distillation, ion exchange) or their combinations for complex purification and utilization.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the functioning of the vacuum distillation unit of a mini-refinery and to develop recommendations for improving the vacuum overhead system with the aim to reduce the cost of creating and maintaining a vacuum in the fuel oil separation column. A calculation model of the vacuum unit was developed in the Unisim Design R451 software package, which was identified by comparing the calculated data with the data from an industrial study for two operating modes of the installation. Replacing the existing steam-ejector pump with a liquid-ring vacuum pump was proposed. A numerical experiment was carried out on the developed model, the purpose of which was to determine the “bottlenecks” of the scheme. The peculiarity of the experiment was that the vacuum column and the vacuum overhead system were considered as a single whole. As a result, it was determined that the “bottleneck” is the condenser, which was proposed to be replaced. During the technical and economic analysis, two possible vacuum overhead system schemes were considered; according to the results, it was determined that the vacuum overhead system scheme based on a liquid-ring vacuum pump will help reduce operating costs by 78%.

In modern chemical and oil refining complexes, separation processes are among the most popular and energy-intensive. Installations for their implementation should be equipped with nodes for creating vapor (evaporators) and liquid (deflegmators) irrigation. Evaporators of any type (film, thermosiphon, gas lift, cubic) belong to this class of devices. For example, in cubic evaporators, the gas flow is completely formed from flux bubbles that originate on the heat-conducting surface and float in the volume of the cubic liquid located in the apparatus. Due to the accompanying mass exchange, the bubbles are enriched with volatile components during ascent and noticeably increase in volume, and the growth of the bubble is determined, among other things, by the total flow. At the same time, in real bubbling-type equipment, the total mass transfer surface exceeds the cross-section of the device itself by more than two orders of magnitude. Thus, according to, the ratio of the internal cross-sectional area of the apparatus to the developed mass transfer surface is 0.0015–0.002. Based on the analysis of the integral equation of the diffusion boundary layer, it is shown that the presence of a resultant flow of substance through the phase interface (non-equimolarity of the process) in a two-phase gas (vapor)–liquid system leads to the transformation of the structure of the traditional mass transfer equation itself. The use of a new structure obtained for both binary and multicomponent mixtures makes it possible to significantly simplify the approach to the description and generalization of arbitrary mass transfer processes. The innovativeness of the proposed approach lies in its universality for non-equimolar processes. This simplifies the creation of models of any mass transfer devices and entire production lines. In addition, the proposed approach is a good auxiliary tool for various researchers and experimenters. It should also be noted that the separation processes of many products of organic origin during heating are characterized by the appearance of undesirable side reactions (thermal decomposition, condensation, polycondensation, formation of harmful impurities, etc.), which occur most intensively in the heating zones. At the same time, the evaporation and distillation units are subject to requirements for the minimum hydraulic resistance of the structure, the maximum separation capacity (efficiency), and the minimum residence time of the product in the apparatus (equivalent to the minimum holding capacity of the structure). It was noted that the specified requirements are most fully met by film-type devices.

Heat and mass transfer processes underlie almost all processes in the chemical and petrochemical industry (rectification, absorption, drying, evaporation, etc.), and, as a rule, such processes take place in multicomponent systems. It should be noted that the accuracy of existing methods for calculating mass transfer processes does not exceed 85% (although it can reach 95-97% for well-studied problems). In general, separation processes are very energy-intensive, moreover, they often have a negative impact on the environment. In view of the above, it is advisable to in-depth study of the phenomena and processes occurring in the mass transfer equipment. One of the methods is numerical simulation in the ANSYS Fluent software package, which has proven to be a reliable tool for modeling mass transfer processes.

The prospects of the research are determined by the high potential for solving current problems related to environmental problems. Extraction allows not only the purification of chemical production waste, but also the analysis of elements distributed in the soil, which is especially important for migrating contaminants, and contaminants obtained from chemical, paint and varnish and agricultural waste. Examples of such waste are metals and their compounds, fertilizers and pesticides, and radioactive waste. These contaminants enter the human body through food chains, producing toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects. This approach has several directions that allow us to solve the problem comprehensively. In the first direction of our research, we will consider how this mathematical model can be applied in waste treatment technologies. In the second direction, we will pay attention to soil analysis. In the third research direction, we will focus on optimizing extraction and waste disposal technologies. This paper considers a mathematical model that describes the formation of the shape of droplets when moving in a field of centrifugal forces. When liquid droplets move within liquid or gaseous media, the surface of these droplets undergoes deformation, which can lead to their destruction and the formation of smaller droplets.

Sucker rod pumping units (SRPs) are widely employed to ensure stable oil production, particularly during the late stages of extraction. However, during operation, personnel encounter significant challenges such as rod breaks and unscrewing, as well as pump valve malfunctions. This paper proposes a multifactorial analysis methodology to assess the impact of SRP operating regimes on well repairs. This methodology facilitates the identification of SRP failure causes and provides recommendations for their prevention. Furthermore, the implementation of modern technologies and equipment protection systems is suggested, including combined (anti-corrosion and anti-friction) coatings, such as MOLYKOTE, which significantly enhance pump performance characteristics. Various calculation methods for the most significant parameters influencing sucker rod string breaks are examined. It was determined that, for wells with complicated operating conditions, stroke length has the most significant impact on sucker rod string failures.