Dr. Robert Ostrowski earned his M.D. from the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland in 1994 and his Ph.D. (2001) and D.Sc. (2016) in neuropathology and neurochemistry, respectively, from the Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. In 2003–2011 Dr. Ostrowski received his postdoctoral training in neurosciences at Louisiana State University, Shreveport and Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States.