The gas porosity is one of the most serious problems in the casting of aluminum. There are several degassing methods that have been studied. During smelting of aluminum, the intermetallic compound (IMC) may be formed at the interface between molten aluminum and solid steel of crucible furnace lining. In this study, the effect of degassing treatment on the formations of IMC has been investigated. The rectangular substrate specimens were immersed in a molten aluminum bath. The holding times of the substrate immersions were in the range from 300 s to 1500 s. Two degassing treatments, argon degassing and hexachloroethane tablet degassing, were conducted to investigate their effect on the IMC formation. The IMC was examined under scanning electron microscope with EDX attachment. The thickness of the IMC layer increased with increasing immersion time for all treatments. Due to the high content of hydrogen, substrate specimens immersed in molten aluminum without degasser had IMC layer which was thicker than others. Argon degassing treatment was more effective than tablet degassing to reduce the IMC growth. Furthermore, the hard and brittle phase of IMC, FeAl₃, was formed dominantly in specimens immersed for 900 s without degasser while in argon and tablet degasser specimens, it was formed partially.

Cu-doped Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) has been widely used as a DSSC photoanode material. The annealing temperature affects the structural analysis and optical properties of DSSC photoanodes. Structural analysis showed that the crystal size increased with increasing annealing temperature. The XRD results showed that the sample formed an anatase phase at annealing temperatures of 300℃ and 400℃, while at 450℃ and 500℃ there was an anatase-rutile mixed phase. The results of SEM morphology data obtained average particle diameters for CT300, CT400, CT450, and CT500 materials were 23.87 μm, 32.54 μm, 33.38 μm, and 37.63 μm respectively. UV-Vis testing shows absorbance in the ultraviolet region at 350-400 nm. Increasing the annealing temperature decreases the absorbance. The efficiency of DSSC compared to undoped materials is 0.44% to 0.71% in samples with an annealing temperature of 300℃ which is the sample with the highest efficiency. The efficiency value decreased with increasing annealing temperature.

Some research showed that many teachers have literacy skills but they have not used them in the classroom yet.This research aims to describe science literacy competence of SMA Batik 2 Surakarta students and teacher. The research uses qualitative descriptive method. The study was conducted at SMA Batik 2 Surakarta with tenth grade science class students as the subjects. There were 88 students as and 2 teacher the subjects. The samples selected by using total sampling technique. The research instrument used in this study is science literacy test adapted from PISA (Programme for International Student Assesment). The data analysis technique used is percentage. The result of this study shows that 57,41% student mastered the science literacy competence, the student completed in science literacy competence included in the middle level this research. The interviews with teachers and students show that the use of science literacy in the classroom is still low.This research is complementary the study of the importance of teacher ability analysis in the use of scientific literacy skill in the classroom