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Antiviral RNA silencing/interference (RNAi) of negative-strand (-) RNA plant viruses (NSVs) has been studied less than for single-stranded, positive-sense (+)RNA plant viruses. From the latter, genomic and subgenomic mRNA molecules are targeted by RNAi. However, genomic RNA strands from plant NSVs are generally wrapped tightly within viral nucleocapsid (N) protein to form ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), the core unit for viral replication, transcription and movement. In this study, the targeting of the NSV tospoviral genomic RNA and mRNA molecules by antiviral RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC) was investigated, in vitro and in planta. RISC fractions isolated from tospovirus-infected N. benthamiana plants specifically cleaved naked, purified tospoviral genomic RNAs in vitro, but not genomic RNAs complexed with viral N protein. In planta RISC complexes, activated by a tobacco rattle virus (TRV) carrying tospovirus NSs or Gn gene fragments, mainly targeted the corresponding viral mRNAs and hardly genomic (viral and viral-complementary strands) RNA assembled into RNPs. In contrast, for the (+)ssRNA cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), RISC complexes, activated by TRV carrying CMV 2a or 2b gene fragments, targeted CMV genomic RNA. Altogether, the results indicated that antiviral RNAi primarily targets tospoviral mRNAs whilst their genomic RNA is well protected in RNPs against RISC-mediated cleavage. Considering the important role of RNPs in the replication cycle of all NSVs, the findings made in this study are likely applicable to all viruses belonging to this group.
Hao Hong; Chunli Wang; Ying Huang; Min Xu; Jiaoling Yan; Mingfeng Feng; Jia Li; Yajie Shi; Min Zhu; Danyu Shen; Peijun Wu; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. Antiviral RISC mainly targets viral mRNA but not genomic RNA of tospovirus. PLOS Pathogens 2021, 17, e1009757 .
AMA StyleHao Hong, Chunli Wang, Ying Huang, Min Xu, Jiaoling Yan, Mingfeng Feng, Jia Li, Yajie Shi, Min Zhu, Danyu Shen, Peijun Wu, Richard Kormelink, Xiaorong Tao. Antiviral RISC mainly targets viral mRNA but not genomic RNA of tospovirus. PLOS Pathogens. 2021; 17 (7):e1009757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHao Hong; Chunli Wang; Ying Huang; Min Xu; Jiaoling Yan; Mingfeng Feng; Jia Li; Yajie Shi; Min Zhu; Danyu Shen; Peijun Wu; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. 2021. "Antiviral RISC mainly targets viral mRNA but not genomic RNA of tospovirus." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 7: e1009757.
Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented genomes. Whereas most NSVs infect animals and humans, the smaller group of the plant-infecting counterparts is expanding, with many causing devastating diseases worldwide, affecting a large number of major bulk and high-value food crops. In 2018, the taxonomy of segmented NSVs faced a major reorganization with the establishment of the order Bunyavirales. This article overviews the major plant viruses that are part of the order, i.e., orthospoviruses (Tospoviridae), tenuiviruses (Phenuiviridae), and emaraviruses (Fimoviridae), and provides updates on the more recent ongoing research. Features shared with the animal-infecting counterparts are mentioned, however, special attention is given to their adaptation to plant hosts and vector transmission, including intra/intercellular trafficking and viral counter defense to antiviral RNAi.
Richard Kormelink; Jeanmarie Verchot; Xiaorong Tao; Cecile Desbiez. The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts. Viruses 2021, 13, 842 .
AMA StyleRichard Kormelink, Jeanmarie Verchot, Xiaorong Tao, Cecile Desbiez. The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):842.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard Kormelink; Jeanmarie Verchot; Xiaorong Tao; Cecile Desbiez. 2021. "The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts." Viruses 13, no. 5: 842.
Combining plant resistance against virus and vector presents an attractive approach to reduce virus transmission and virus proliferation in crops. Restricted Tobacco-etch virus Movement (RTM) genes confer resistance to potyviruses by limiting their long-distance transport. Recently, a close homologue of one of the RTM genes, SLI1, has been discovered but this gene instead confers resistance to Myzus persicae aphids, a vector of potyviruses. The functional connection between resistance to potyviruses and aphids, raises the question whether plants have a basic defense system in the phloem against biotic intruders. This paper provides an overview on restricted potyvirus phloem transport and restricted aphid phloem feeding and their possible interplay, followed by a discussion on various ways in which viruses and aphids gain access to the phloem sap. From a phloem-biological perspective, hypotheses are proposed on the underlying mechanisms of RTM- and SLI1-mediated resistance, and their possible efficacy to defend against systemic viruses and phloem-feeding vectors.
Karen J. Kloth; Richard Kormelink. Defenses against Virus and Vector: A Phloem-Biological Perspective on RTM- and SLI1-Mediated Resistance to Potyviruses and Aphids. Viruses 2020, 12, 129 .
AMA StyleKaren J. Kloth, Richard Kormelink. Defenses against Virus and Vector: A Phloem-Biological Perspective on RTM- and SLI1-Mediated Resistance to Potyviruses and Aphids. Viruses. 2020; 12 (2):129.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaren J. Kloth; Richard Kormelink. 2020. "Defenses against Virus and Vector: A Phloem-Biological Perspective on RTM- and SLI1-Mediated Resistance to Potyviruses and Aphids." Viruses 12, no. 2: 129.
RNA granules are dynamic cellular foci that are widely spread in eukaryotic cells and play essential roles in cell growth and development, and immune and stress responses. Different types of granules can be distinguished, each with a specific function and playing a role in, for example, RNA transcription, modification, processing, decay, translation, and arrest. By means of communication and exchange of (shared) components, they form a large regulatory network in cells. Viruses have been reported to interact with one or more of these either cytoplasmic or nuclear granules, and act either proviral, to enable and support viral infection and facilitate viral movement, or antiviral, protecting or clearing hosts from viral infection. This review describes an overview and recent progress on cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA granules and their interplay with virus infection, first in animal systems and as a prelude to the status and current developments on plant viruses, which have been less well studied on this thus far.
Min Xu; Magdalena J. Mazur; Xiaorong Tao; Richard Kormelink. Cellular RNA Hubs: Friends and Foes of Plant Viruses. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 2020, 33, 40 -54.
AMA StyleMin Xu, Magdalena J. Mazur, Xiaorong Tao, Richard Kormelink. Cellular RNA Hubs: Friends and Foes of Plant Viruses. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®. 2020; 33 (1):40-54.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Xu; Magdalena J. Mazur; Xiaorong Tao; Richard Kormelink. 2020. "Cellular RNA Hubs: Friends and Foes of Plant Viruses." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 1: 40-54.
Negative-stranded/ambisense RNA viruses (NSVs) include not only dangerous pathogens of medical importance but also serious plant pathogens of agronomic importance. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most important plant NSVs, infecting more than 1,000 plant species, and poses major threats to global food security. The segmented negative-stranded/ambisense RNA genomes of TSWV, however, have been a major obstacle to molecular genetic manipulation. In this study, we report the complete recovery of infectious TSWV entirely from complementary DNA (cDNA) clones. First, a replication- and transcription-competent minigenome replication system was established based on 35S-driven constructs of the S(−)-genomic (g) or S(+)-antigenomic (ag) RNA template, flanked by the 5′ hammerhead and 3′ ribozyme sequence of hepatitis delta virus, a nucleocapsid (N) protein gene and codon-optimized viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. Next, a movement-competent minigenome replication system was developed based on M(−)-gRNA, which was able to complement cell-to-cell and systemic movement of reconstituted ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) of S RNA replicon. Finally, infectious TSWV and derivatives carrying eGFP reporters were rescued in planta via simultaneous expression of full-length cDNA constructs coding for S(+)-agRNA, M(−)-gRNA, and L(+)-agRNA in which the glycoprotein gene sequence of M(−)-gRNA was optimized. Viral rescue occurred with the addition of various RNAi suppressors including P19, HcPro, and γb, but TSWV NSs interfered with the rescue of genomic RNA. This reverse genetics system for TSWV now allows detailed molecular genetic analysis of all aspects of viral infection cycle and pathogenicity.
Mingfeng Feng; Ruixiang Cheng; Minglong Chen; Rong Guo; Luyao Li; Zhike Feng; Jianyan Wu; Li Xie; Jian Hong; Zhongkai Zhang; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. Rescue of tomato spotted wilt virus entirely from complementary DNA clones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 117, 1181 -1190.
AMA StyleMingfeng Feng, Ruixiang Cheng, Minglong Chen, Rong Guo, Luyao Li, Zhike Feng, Jianyan Wu, Li Xie, Jian Hong, Zhongkai Zhang, Richard Kormelink, Xiaorong Tao. Rescue of tomato spotted wilt virus entirely from complementary DNA clones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019; 117 (2):1181-1190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingfeng Feng; Ruixiang Cheng; Minglong Chen; Rong Guo; Luyao Li; Zhike Feng; Jianyan Wu; Li Xie; Jian Hong; Zhongkai Zhang; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. 2019. "Rescue of tomato spotted wilt virus entirely from complementary DNA clones." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2: 1181-1190.
Plant viruses are thought to be essentially harmful to the lives of their cultivated crop hosts. In most cases studied, the interaction between viruses and cultivated crop plants negatively affects host morphology and physiology, thereby resulting in disease. Native wild/non-cultivated plants are often latently infected with viruses without any clear symptoms. Although seemingly non-harmful, these viruses pose a threat to cultivated crops because they can be transmitted by vectors and cause disease. Reports are accumulating on infections with latent plant viruses that do not cause disease but rather seem to be beneficial to the lives of wild host plants. In a few cases, viral latency involves the integration of full-length genome copies into the host genome that, in response to environmental stress or during certain developmental stages of host plants, can become activated to generate and replicate episomal copies, a transition from latency to reactivation and causation of disease development. The interaction between viruses and host plants may also lead to the integration of partial-length segments of viral DNA genomes or copy DNA of viral RNA genome sequences into the host genome. Transcripts derived from such integrated viral elements (EVEs) may be beneficial to host plants, for example, by conferring levels of virus resistance and/or causing persistence/latency of viral infections. Studies on viral latency in wild host plants might help us to understand and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of latency and provide insights into the raison d’être for viruses in the lives of plants.
Hideki Takahashi; Toshiyuki Fukuhara; Haruki Kitazawa; Richard Kormelink. Virus Latency and the Impact on Plants. Frontiers in Microbiology 2019, 10, 2764 .
AMA StyleHideki Takahashi, Toshiyuki Fukuhara, Haruki Kitazawa, Richard Kormelink. Virus Latency and the Impact on Plants. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019; 10 ():2764.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHideki Takahashi; Toshiyuki Fukuhara; Haruki Kitazawa; Richard Kormelink. 2019. "Virus Latency and the Impact on Plants." Frontiers in Microbiology 10, no. : 2764.
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a begomovirus, causes large yield losses and breeding for resistance is an effective way to combat this viral disease. The resistance gene Ty-1 codes for an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and has recently been shown to enhance transcriptional gene silencing of TYLCV. Whereas Ty-1 was earlier shown to also confer resistance to a bipartite begomovirus, here it is shown that Ty-1 is probably generic to all geminiviruses. A tomato Ty-1 introgression line, but also stable transformants of susceptible tomato cv. Moneymaker and Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) expressing the Ty-1 gene, exhibited resistance to begomoviruses as well as to the distinct, leafhopper-transmitted beet curly top virus, a curtovirus. Stable Ty-1 transformants of N. benthamiana and tomato showed fewer symptoms and reduced viral titres on infection compared to wild-type plants. TYLCV infections in wild-type N. benthamiana plants in the additional presence of a betasatellite led to increased symptom severity and a consistent, slightly lowered virus titre relative to the high averaged levels seen in the absence of the betasatellite. On the contrary, in Ty-1 transformed N. benthamiana viral titres increased in the presence of the betasatellite. The same was observed when these Ty-1-encoding plants were challenged with TYLCV and a potato virus X construct expressing the RNA interference suppressor protein βC1 encoded by the betasatellite. The resistance spectrum of Ty-1 and the durability of the resistance are discussed in light of antiviral RNA interference and viral counter defence strategies.
Corien M. Voorburg; Zhe Yan; Maria Bergua‐Vidal; Anne‐Marie A. Wolters; Yuling Bai; Richard Kormelink. Ty-1, a universal resistance gene against geminiviruses that is compromised by co-replication of a betasatellite. Molecular Plant Pathology 2019, 21, 160 -172.
AMA StyleCorien M. Voorburg, Zhe Yan, Maria Bergua‐Vidal, Anne‐Marie A. Wolters, Yuling Bai, Richard Kormelink. Ty-1, a universal resistance gene against geminiviruses that is compromised by co-replication of a betasatellite. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2019; 21 (2):160-172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCorien M. Voorburg; Zhe Yan; Maria Bergua‐Vidal; Anne‐Marie A. Wolters; Yuling Bai; Richard Kormelink. 2019. "Ty-1, a universal resistance gene against geminiviruses that is compromised by co-replication of a betasatellite." Molecular Plant Pathology 21, no. 2: 160-172.
Tospoviruses are among the most important plant pathogens and cause serious crop losses worldwide. Tospoviruses have evolved to smartly utilize the host cellular machinery to accomplish their life cycle. Plants mount two layers of defense to combat their invasion. The first one involves the activation of an antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) defense response. However, tospoviruses encode an RNA silencing suppressor that enables them to counteract antiviral RNAi. To further combat viral invasion, plants also employ intracellular innate immune receptors (e.g., Sw-5b and Tsw) to recognize different viral effectors (e.g., NSm and NSs). This leads to the triggering of a much more robust defense against tospoviruses called effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Tospoviruses have further evolved their effectors and can break Sw-5b-/Tsw-mediated resistance. The arms race between tospoviruses and both layers of innate immunity drives the coevolution of host defense and viral genes involved in counter defense. In this review, a state-of-the-art overview is presented on the tospoviral life cycle and the multilined interplays between tospoviruses and the distinct layers of defense.
Min Zhu; Irene Louise Van Grinsven; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. Paving the Way to Tospovirus Infection: Multilined Interplays with Plant Innate Immunity. Annual Review of Phytopathology 2019, 57, 41 -62.
AMA StyleMin Zhu, Irene Louise Van Grinsven, Richard Kormelink, Xiaorong Tao. Paving the Way to Tospovirus Infection: Multilined Interplays with Plant Innate Immunity. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 2019; 57 (1):41-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Zhu; Irene Louise Van Grinsven; Richard Kormelink; Xiaorong Tao. 2019. "Paving the Way to Tospovirus Infection: Multilined Interplays with Plant Innate Immunity." Annual Review of Phytopathology 57, no. 1: 41-62.
Plant molecular pharming has emerged as a reliable platform for recombinant protein expression providing a safe and low-cost alternative to bacterial and mammalian cells-based systems. Simultaneously, plant viruses have evolved from pathogens to molecular tools for recombinant protein expression, chimaeric viral vaccine production, and lately, as nanoagents for drug delivery. This review summarizes the genesis of viral vectors and agroinfection, the development of non-enveloped viruses for various biotechnological applications, and the on-going research on enveloped plant viruses.
Ahmad Ibrahim; Valerie Odon; Richard Kormelink. Plant Viruses in Plant Molecular Pharming: Toward the Use of Enveloped Viruses. Frontiers in Plant Science 2019, 10, 803 .
AMA StyleAhmad Ibrahim, Valerie Odon, Richard Kormelink. Plant Viruses in Plant Molecular Pharming: Toward the Use of Enveloped Viruses. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019; 10 ():803.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Ibrahim; Valerie Odon; Richard Kormelink. 2019. "Plant Viruses in Plant Molecular Pharming: Toward the Use of Enveloped Viruses." Frontiers in Plant Science 10, no. : 803.
Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) share several genetic and biological traits. Both of them belong to the genus Tospovirus (family Peribunyaviridae), which is composed by viruses with tripartite RNA genome that infect plants and are transmitted by thrips (order Thysanoptera). Previous studies have suggested several reassortment events between these two viruses, and some speculated that they may share one of their genomic segments. To better understand the intimate evolutionary history of these two viruses, we sequenced the genomes of the first TCSV and GRSV isolates ever reported. Our analyses show that TCSV and GRSV isolates indeed share one of their genomic segments, suggesting that one of those viruses may have emerged upon a reassortment event. Based on a series of phylogenetic and nucleotide diversity analyses, we conclude that the parental genotype of the M segment of TCSV was either eliminated due to a reassortment with GRSV or it still remains to be identified.
João Marcos Fagundes Silva; Athos Silva De Oliveira; Mariana Martins Severo De Almeida; Richard Kormelink; Tatsuya Nagata; Renato Oliveira Resende. Tomato Chlorotic Spot Virus (TCSV) Putatively Incorporated a Genomic Segment of Groundnut Ringspot Virus (GRSV) Upon a Reassortment Event. Viruses 2019, 11, 187 .
AMA StyleJoão Marcos Fagundes Silva, Athos Silva De Oliveira, Mariana Martins Severo De Almeida, Richard Kormelink, Tatsuya Nagata, Renato Oliveira Resende. Tomato Chlorotic Spot Virus (TCSV) Putatively Incorporated a Genomic Segment of Groundnut Ringspot Virus (GRSV) Upon a Reassortment Event. Viruses. 2019; 11 (2):187.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoão Marcos Fagundes Silva; Athos Silva De Oliveira; Mariana Martins Severo De Almeida; Richard Kormelink; Tatsuya Nagata; Renato Oliveira Resende. 2019. "Tomato Chlorotic Spot Virus (TCSV) Putatively Incorporated a Genomic Segment of Groundnut Ringspot Virus (GRSV) Upon a Reassortment Event." Viruses 11, no. 2: 187.
In October 2018, the order Bunyavirales was amended by inclusion of the family Arenaviridae, abolishment of three families, creation of three new families, 19 new genera, and 14 new species, and renaming of three genera and 22 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Piet Maes; Scott Adkins; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič Županc; Matthew J. Ballinger; Dennis A. Bente; Martin Beer; Éric Bergeron; Carol D. Blair; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; Felicity J. Burt; Charles H. Calisher; Rémi N. Charrel; Il Ryong Choi; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Juan Carlos De La Torre; Xavier De Lamballerie; Joseph L. DeRisi; Michele Digiaro; Mike Drebot; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Charles F. Fulhorst; Aura R. Garrison; George Fú Gāo; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Anne-Lise Haenni; Roy A. Hall; Roger Hewson; Holly R. Hughes; Rakesh K. Jain; Miranda Gilda Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Richard Kormelink; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley A. Langevin; Igor S. Lukashevich; Marco Marklewitz; Giovanni P. Martelli; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Ali Mirazimi; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Rayapati Naidu; Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes; Gustavo Palacios; Anna Papa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Clarence J. Peters; Alexander Plyusnin; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Victor Romanowski; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Takahide Sasaya; Connie Schmaljohn; Xiǎohóng Shí; Yukio Shirako; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Jin-Won Song; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; Robert B. Tesh; Massimo Turina; Tàiyún Wèi; Anna E. Whitfield; Shyi-Dong Yeh; F. Murilo Zerbini; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Xueping Zhou; Jens H. Kuhn. Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: second update 2018. Archives of Virology 2019, 164, 927 -941.
AMA StylePiet Maes, Scott Adkins, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Tatjana Avšič Županc, Matthew J. Ballinger, Dennis A. Bente, Martin Beer, Éric Bergeron, Carol D. Blair, Thomas Briese, Michael J. Buchmeier, Felicity J. Burt, Charles H. Calisher, Rémi N. Charrel, Il Ryong Choi, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Juan Carlos De La Torre, Xavier De Lamballerie, Joseph L. DeRisi, Michele Digiaro, Mike Drebot, Hideki Ebihara, Toufic Elbeaino, Koray Ergünay, Charles F. Fulhorst, Aura R. Garrison, George Fú Gāo, Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Martin H. Groschup, Stephan Günther, Anne-Lise Haenni, Roy A. Hall, Roger Hewson, Holly R. Hughes, Rakesh K. Jain, Miranda Gilda Jonson, Sandra Junglen, Boris Klempa, Jonas Klingström, Richard Kormelink, Amy J. Lambert, Stanley A. Langevin, Igor S. Lukashevich, Marco Marklewitz, Giovanni P. Martelli, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Ali Mirazimi, Hans-Peter Mühlbach, Rayapati Naidu, Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes, Gustavo Palacios, Anna Papa, Janusz T. Pawęska, Clarence J. Peters, Alexander Plyusnin, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Renato O. Resende, Victor Romanowski, Amadou Alpha Sall, Maria S. Salvato, Takahide Sasaya, Connie Schmaljohn, Xiǎohóng Shí, Yukio Shirako, Peter Simmonds, Manuela Sironi, Jin-Won Song, Jessica R. Spengler, Mark D. Stenglein, Robert B. Tesh, Massimo Turina, Tàiyún Wèi, Anna E. Whitfield, Shyi-Dong Yeh, F. Murilo Zerbini, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Xueping Zhou, Jens H. Kuhn. Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: second update 2018. Archives of Virology. 2019; 164 (3):927-941.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiet Maes; Scott Adkins; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Tatjana Avšič Županc; Matthew J. Ballinger; Dennis A. Bente; Martin Beer; Éric Bergeron; Carol D. Blair; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; Felicity J. Burt; Charles H. Calisher; Rémi N. Charrel; Il Ryong Choi; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Juan Carlos De La Torre; Xavier De Lamballerie; Joseph L. DeRisi; Michele Digiaro; Mike Drebot; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Charles F. Fulhorst; Aura R. Garrison; George Fú Gāo; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Anne-Lise Haenni; Roy A. Hall; Roger Hewson; Holly R. Hughes; Rakesh K. Jain; Miranda Gilda Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Richard Kormelink; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley A. Langevin; Igor S. Lukashevich; Marco Marklewitz; Giovanni P. Martelli; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Ali Mirazimi; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Rayapati Naidu; Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes; Gustavo Palacios; Anna Papa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Clarence J. Peters; Alexander Plyusnin; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Victor Romanowski; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Takahide Sasaya; Connie Schmaljohn; Xiǎohóng Shí; Yukio Shirako; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Jin-Won Song; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; Robert B. Tesh; Massimo Turina; Tàiyún Wèi; Anna E. Whitfield; Shyi-Dong Yeh; F. Murilo Zerbini; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Xueping Zhou; Jens H. Kuhn. 2019. "Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: second update 2018." Archives of Virology 164, no. 3: 927-941.
An orthotospovirus distinct from all other orthotospoviruses was isolated from naturally infected alstroemeria plants. Disease symptoms caused by this virus mainly consisted of yellow spots on the leaves based on which the name alstroemeria yellow spot virus (AYSV) was coined. A host range analysis was performed and a polyclonal antiserum was produced against purified AYSV ribonucleoproteins which only reacted with the homologous antigen and not with any other (established or tentative) orthotospovirus from a selection of American and Asian species. Upon thrips transmission assays the virus was successfully transmitted by a population of Thrips tabaci. The entire nucleotide sequence of the M and S RNA segments was elucidated by a conventional cloning and sequencing strategy, and contained 4797 respectively 2734 nucleotides (nt). Simultaneously, a next generation sequencing (NGS) approach (RNAseq) was employed and generated contigs covering the entire viral tripartite RNA genome. In addition to the M and S RNA nucleotide sequences, the L RNA (8865 nt) was obtained. The nucleocapsid (N) gene encoded by the S RNA of this virus consisted of 819 nucleotides with a deduced N protein of 272 amino acids and by comparative sequence alignments to other established orthotospovirus species showed highest homology (69.5% identity) to the N protein of polygonum ringspot virus. The data altogether support the proposal of AYSV as a new orthotospovirus species within a growing clade of orthotospoviruses that seem to share the Middle East basin as a region of origin.
A. Hassani-Mehraban; Annette Dullemans; Ko Verhoeven; J. W. Roenhorst; D. Peters; R. A. A. Van Der Vlugt; R. Kormelink. Alstroemeria yellow spot virus (AYSV): a new orthotospovirus species within a growing Eurasian clade. Archives of Virology 2018, 164, 117 -126.
AMA StyleA. Hassani-Mehraban, Annette Dullemans, Ko Verhoeven, J. W. Roenhorst, D. Peters, R. A. A. Van Der Vlugt, R. Kormelink. Alstroemeria yellow spot virus (AYSV): a new orthotospovirus species within a growing Eurasian clade. Archives of Virology. 2018; 164 (1):117-126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Hassani-Mehraban; Annette Dullemans; Ko Verhoeven; J. W. Roenhorst; D. Peters; R. A. A. Van Der Vlugt; R. Kormelink. 2018. "Alstroemeria yellow spot virus (AYSV): a new orthotospovirus species within a growing Eurasian clade." Archives of Virology 164, no. 1: 117-126.
The order Bunyavirales comprises nine families of enveloped, negative-strand RNA viruses. Depending on the family and genus, bunyaviruses (i.e. now referring to all members of the Bunyavirales) contain genomes consisting of two to six segments. Each genome segment is encapsidated by multiple copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein and one or a few molecules of the viral polymerase, forming so-called ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Incorporation of RNPs into virions is mediated by the interaction of N with the cytoplasmic tails of the structural glycoproteins. Although some selectivity exists in the packaging of RNPs into virions, which seems to be driven by the 5′ and 3′-untranslated regions of the genomic RNA segments, evidence is accumulating that bunyavirus genome packaging is a stochastic process.
Paul J Wichgers Schreur; Richard Kormelink; Jeroen Kortekaas. Genome packaging of the Bunyavirales. Current Opinion in Virology 2018, 33, 151 -155.
AMA StylePaul J Wichgers Schreur, Richard Kormelink, Jeroen Kortekaas. Genome packaging of the Bunyavirales. Current Opinion in Virology. 2018; 33 ():151-155.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul J Wichgers Schreur; Richard Kormelink; Jeroen Kortekaas. 2018. "Genome packaging of the Bunyavirales." Current Opinion in Virology 33, no. : 151-155.
The single dominant Tsw resistance gene from Capsicum chinense against the Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) is temperature sensitive, i.e. the resistance fails to function at or above 32 °C. Here, we describe a new class of temperature‐sensitive resistance breaking TSWV isolates that induce Tsw‐mediated resistance at T <28 °C but at T ≥ 28 °C break this resistance. The NSs genes from these isolates were cloned and expressed to be analyzed for RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) activity and the ability to induce a Tsw‐mediated hypersensitive response (HR) in Capsicum chinense and Capsicum annuum (Tsw+). Unlike in viral infection, transient expression of some of the NSs proteins at standard temperatures (22°C) did not induce Tsw‐mediated HR, although varying degrees of RSS activity were observed. Attempts to express and test the NSs proteins for functionality at an elevated temperature through agroinfiltration remained unsuccessful. The NSs proteins of some TSWV resistance breaking (RB) isolates analyzed lacked amino acid residues that were previously shown to be important for RNA silencing suppression and avirulence. This study describes a new class of resistance breaking TSWV isolates that may be of importance for breeders and growers, and for which the underlying mechanism still remains unknown. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
D. Ronde; Dick Lohuis; Richard Kormelink; Dryas De Ronde. Identification and characterization of a new class of Tomato spotted wilt virus isolates that break Tsw ‐based resistance in a temperature‐dependent manner. Plant Pathology 2018, 68, 60 -71.
AMA StyleD. Ronde, Dick Lohuis, Richard Kormelink, Dryas De Ronde. Identification and characterization of a new class of Tomato spotted wilt virus isolates that break Tsw ‐based resistance in a temperature‐dependent manner. Plant Pathology. 2018; 68 (1):60-71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Ronde; Dick Lohuis; Richard Kormelink; Dryas De Ronde. 2018. "Identification and characterization of a new class of Tomato spotted wilt virus isolates that break Tsw ‐based resistance in a temperature‐dependent manner." Plant Pathology 68, no. 1: 60-71.
The Sw-5 gene cluster encodes protein receptors that are potentially able to recognize microbial products and activate signaling pathways that lead to plant cell immunity. Although there are several Sw-5 homologs in the tomato genome, only one of them, named Sw-5b, has been extensively studied due to its functionality against a wide range of (thrips-transmitted) orthotospoviruses. The Sw-5b gene is a dominant resistance gene originally from a wild Peruvian tomato that has been used in tomato breeding programs aiming to develop cultivars with resistance to these viruses. Here, we provide an overview starting from the first reports of Sw-5 resistance, positional cloning and the sequencing of the Sw-5 gene cluster from resistant tomatoes and the validation of Sw-5b as the functional protein that triggers resistance against orthotospoviruses. Moreover, molecular details of this plant–virus interaction are also described, especially concerning the roles of Sw-5b domains in the sensing of orthotospoviruses and in the signaling cascade leading to resistance and hypersensitive response.
Athos S. De Oliveira; Leonardo S. Boiteux; Richard Kormelink; Renato O. Resende. The Sw-5 Gene Cluster: Tomato Breeding and Research Toward Orthotospovirus Disease Control. Frontiers in Plant Science 2018, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleAthos S. De Oliveira, Leonardo S. Boiteux, Richard Kormelink, Renato O. Resende. The Sw-5 Gene Cluster: Tomato Breeding and Research Toward Orthotospovirus Disease Control. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018; 9 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthos S. De Oliveira; Leonardo S. Boiteux; Richard Kormelink; Renato O. Resende. 2018. "The Sw-5 Gene Cluster: Tomato Breeding and Research Toward Orthotospovirus Disease Control." Frontiers in Plant Science 9, no. : 1.
In 2018, the family Arenaviridae was expanded by inclusion of 1 new genus and 5 novel species. At the same time, the recently established order Bunyavirales was expanded by 3 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and summarizes additional taxonomic proposals that may affect the order in the near future.
Piet Maes; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Yīmíng Bào; Martin Beer; Monica Birkhead; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; Charles H. Calisher; Rémi N. Charrel; Il Ryong Choi; Christopher S. Clegg; Juan Carlos De La Torre; Eric Delwart; Joseph L. DeRisi; Patrick L. Di Bello; Francesco Di Serio; Michele Digiaro; Valerian V. Dolja; Christian Drosten; Tobiasz Z. Druciarek; Jiang Du; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Rose C. Gergerich; Amethyst N. Gillis; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Anne-Lise Haenni; Jussi Hepojoki; Udo Hetzel; Thiện Hồ; Ní Hóng; Rakesh K. Jain; Petrus Jansen Van Vuren; Qi Jin; Miranda Gilda Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Karen E. Keller; Alan Kemp; Anja Kipar; Nikola O. Kondov; Eugene V. Koonin; Richard Kormelink; Yegor Korzyukov; Mart Krupovic; Amy J. Lambert; Alma G. Laney; Matthew LeBreton; Igor S. Lukashevich; Marco Marklewitz; Wanda Markotter; Giovanni P. Martelli; Robert R. Martin; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Beatriz Navarro; Terry Fei Fan Ng; Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes; Gustavo Palacios; Janusz T. Pawęska; Clarence J. Peters; Alexander Plyusnin; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Victor Romanowski; Pertteli Salmenperä; Maria S. Salvato; Hélène Sanfaçon; Takahide Sasaya; Connie Schmaljohn; Bradley S. Schneider; Yukio Shirako; Stuart Siddell; Tarja A. Sironen; Mark D. Stenglein; Nadia Storm; Harikishan Sudini; Robert B. Tesh; Ioannis E. Tzanetakis; Mangala Uppala; Olli Vapalahti; Nikos Vasilakis; Peter J. Walker; Guópíng Wáng; Lìpíng Wáng; Yànxiăng Wáng; Tàiyún Wèi; Michael R. Wiley; Yuri I. Wolf; Nathan D. Wolfe; Zhìqiáng Wú; Wénxìng Xú; Li Yang; Zuòkūn Yāng; Shyi-Dong Yeh; Yǒng-Zhèn Zhāng; Yàzhōu Zhèng; Xueping Zhou; Chénxī Zhū; Florian Zirkel; Jens H. Kuhn. Taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales: update 2018. Archives of Virology 2018, 163, 2295 -2310.
AMA StylePiet Maes, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Yīmíng Bào, Martin Beer, Monica Birkhead, Thomas Briese, Michael J. Buchmeier, Charles H. Calisher, Rémi N. Charrel, Il Ryong Choi, Christopher S. Clegg, Juan Carlos De La Torre, Eric Delwart, Joseph L. DeRisi, Patrick L. Di Bello, Francesco Di Serio, Michele Digiaro, Valerian V. Dolja, Christian Drosten, Tobiasz Z. Druciarek, Jiang Du, Hideki Ebihara, Toufic Elbeaino, Rose C. Gergerich, Amethyst N. Gillis, Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Anne-Lise Haenni, Jussi Hepojoki, Udo Hetzel, Thiện Hồ, Ní Hóng, Rakesh K. Jain, Petrus Jansen Van Vuren, Qi Jin, Miranda Gilda Jonson, Sandra Junglen, Karen E. Keller, Alan Kemp, Anja Kipar, Nikola O. Kondov, Eugene V. Koonin, Richard Kormelink, Yegor Korzyukov, Mart Krupovic, Amy J. Lambert, Alma G. Laney, Matthew LeBreton, Igor S. Lukashevich, Marco Marklewitz, Wanda Markotter, Giovanni P. Martelli, Robert R. Martin, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Hans-Peter Mühlbach, Beatriz Navarro, Terry Fei Fan Ng, Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes, Gustavo Palacios, Janusz T. Pawęska, Clarence J. Peters, Alexander Plyusnin, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Victor Romanowski, Pertteli Salmenperä, Maria S. Salvato, Hélène Sanfaçon, Takahide Sasaya, Connie Schmaljohn, Bradley S. Schneider, Yukio Shirako, Stuart Siddell, Tarja A. Sironen, Mark D. Stenglein, Nadia Storm, Harikishan Sudini, Robert B. Tesh, Ioannis E. Tzanetakis, Mangala Uppala, Olli Vapalahti, Nikos Vasilakis, Peter J. Walker, Guópíng Wáng, Lìpíng Wáng, Yànxiăng Wáng, Tàiyún Wèi, Michael R. Wiley, Yuri I. Wolf, Nathan D. Wolfe, Zhìqiáng Wú, Wénxìng Xú, Li Yang, Zuòkūn Yāng, Shyi-Dong Yeh, Yǒng-Zhèn Zhāng, Yàzhōu Zhèng, Xueping Zhou, Chénxī Zhū, Florian Zirkel, Jens H. Kuhn. Taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales: update 2018. Archives of Virology. 2018; 163 (8):2295-2310.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiet Maes; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Yīmíng Bào; Martin Beer; Monica Birkhead; Thomas Briese; Michael J. Buchmeier; Charles H. Calisher; Rémi N. Charrel; Il Ryong Choi; Christopher S. Clegg; Juan Carlos De La Torre; Eric Delwart; Joseph L. DeRisi; Patrick L. Di Bello; Francesco Di Serio; Michele Digiaro; Valerian V. Dolja; Christian Drosten; Tobiasz Z. Druciarek; Jiang Du; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Rose C. Gergerich; Amethyst N. Gillis; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Anne-Lise Haenni; Jussi Hepojoki; Udo Hetzel; Thiện Hồ; Ní Hóng; Rakesh K. Jain; Petrus Jansen Van Vuren; Qi Jin; Miranda Gilda Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Karen E. Keller; Alan Kemp; Anja Kipar; Nikola O. Kondov; Eugene V. Koonin; Richard Kormelink; Yegor Korzyukov; Mart Krupovic; Amy J. Lambert; Alma G. Laney; Matthew LeBreton; Igor S. Lukashevich; Marco Marklewitz; Wanda Markotter; Giovanni P. Martelli; Robert R. Martin; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Beatriz Navarro; Terry Fei Fan Ng; Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes; Gustavo Palacios; Janusz T. Pawęska; Clarence J. Peters; Alexander Plyusnin; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Victor Romanowski; Pertteli Salmenperä; Maria S. Salvato; Hélène Sanfaçon; Takahide Sasaya; Connie Schmaljohn; Bradley S. Schneider; Yukio Shirako; Stuart Siddell; Tarja A. Sironen; Mark D. Stenglein; Nadia Storm; Harikishan Sudini; Robert B. Tesh; Ioannis E. Tzanetakis; Mangala Uppala; Olli Vapalahti; Nikos Vasilakis; Peter J. Walker; Guópíng Wáng; Lìpíng Wáng; Yànxiăng Wáng; Tàiyún Wèi; Michael R. Wiley; Yuri I. Wolf; Nathan D. Wolfe; Zhìqiáng Wú; Wénxìng Xú; Li Yang; Zuòkūn Yāng; Shyi-Dong Yeh; Yǒng-Zhèn Zhāng; Yàzhōu Zhèng; Xueping Zhou; Chénxī Zhū; Florian Zirkel; Jens H. Kuhn. 2018. "Taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales: update 2018." Archives of Virology 163, no. 8: 2295-2310.
Zea mays has been historically imported to Japan via two independent geographical routes: into southern Japan by trading with Europe in the 16th century and into northern Japan by import from North America in the 19th century. Breeding to genetically improve on quality traits and high yields has led to the current domestic landraces in each region. In a survey of 82 domestic landraces, nine out of 38 landraces originating from southern Japan showed complete immunity to cucumber mosaic virus yellow strain (CMV(Y)) without the formation of necrotic local lesions (NLLs). In contrast, three out of 44 landraces originating from northern Japan developed NLLs, but revealed no systemic spread of the virus. Due to the absence of good documentation on NLL formation in Z. mays, the response of domestic landraces Aso‐1 and Aso‐3, originating from Ibaraki in northern Japan, to a challenge with CMV(Y) and CMV(Ma‐1) was further analysed. Aso‐3 only formed NLL in response to CMV(Y) but not to CMV(Ma‐1). Moreover, in CMV(Y)‐inoculated Aso‐3, virus spread was restricted to the primary infection site and the expression of defence‐related genes was up‐regulated, whereas Aso‐1 became systemically infected with either CMV(Y) or CMV(Ma‐1). The response of Aso‐3 to CMV(Y) was inherited as a single dominant trait. Together, these results pointed towards the induction of hypersensitive response (HR)‐mediated resistance to CMV(Y) in Aso‐3. Although HR‐mediated resistance to viruses has been studied mainly in dicots, the pathosystem CMV–Z. mays may provide a model to investigate HR‐mediated resistance to viruses in monocot plants.
H. Takahashi; A. Tian; S. Miyashita; Y. Kanayama; S. Ando; Richard Kormelink. Survey of the response of 82 domestic landraces of Zea mays to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) reveals geographical region-related resistance to CMV in Japan. Plant Pathology 2018, 67, 1401 -1415.
AMA StyleH. Takahashi, A. Tian, S. Miyashita, Y. Kanayama, S. Ando, Richard Kormelink. Survey of the response of 82 domestic landraces of Zea mays to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) reveals geographical region-related resistance to CMV in Japan. Plant Pathology. 2018; 67 (6):1401-1415.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH. Takahashi; A. Tian; S. Miyashita; Y. Kanayama; S. Ando; Richard Kormelink. 2018. "Survey of the response of 82 domestic landraces of Zea mays to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) reveals geographical region-related resistance to CMV in Japan." Plant Pathology 67, no. 6: 1401-1415.
Identification of the transcription start sites (TSSs) of a virus is of great importance to understand and dissect the mechanism of viral genome transcription but this often requires costly and laborious experiments. Many segmented negative-sense RNA viruses (sNSVs) cleave capped leader sequences from a large variety of mRNAs and use these cleaved leaders as primers for transcription in a conserved process called cap snatching. The recent developments in high-throughput sequencing have made it possible to determine most, if not all, of the capped RNAs snatched by a sNSV. Here, we show that rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV), a plant-infecting sNSV, co-infects Nicotiana benthamiana with two different begomoviruses and snatches capped leader sequences from their mRNAs. By determining the 5′ termini of a single RSV mRNA with high-throughput sequencing, the 5′ ends of almost all the mRNAs of the co-infecting begomoviruses could be identified and mapped on their genomes. The findings in this study provide support for the using of the cap snatching of sNSVs as a tool to map viral TSSs.
Wenzhong Lin; Ping Qiu; Jing Jin; Shunmin Liu; Saif Ul Islam; Jinguang Yang; Jie Zhang; Richard Kormelink; Zhenguo Du; Zujian Wu. The Cap Snatching of Segmented Negative Sense RNA Viruses as a Tool to Map the Transcription Start Sites of Heterologous Co-infecting Viruses. Frontiers in Microbiology 2017, 8, 2519 .
AMA StyleWenzhong Lin, Ping Qiu, Jing Jin, Shunmin Liu, Saif Ul Islam, Jinguang Yang, Jie Zhang, Richard Kormelink, Zhenguo Du, Zujian Wu. The Cap Snatching of Segmented Negative Sense RNA Viruses as a Tool to Map the Transcription Start Sites of Heterologous Co-infecting Viruses. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2017; 8 ():2519.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenzhong Lin; Ping Qiu; Jing Jin; Shunmin Liu; Saif Ul Islam; Jinguang Yang; Jie Zhang; Richard Kormelink; Zhenguo Du; Zujian Wu. 2017. "The Cap Snatching of Segmented Negative Sense RNA Viruses as a Tool to Map the Transcription Start Sites of Heterologous Co-infecting Viruses." Frontiers in Microbiology 8, no. : 2519.
Tospoviruses suppress antiviral RNA interference by coding for an RNA silencing suppressor (NSs) protein. Previously, using NSs-containing crude plant and insect cell extracts, the affinity of NSs for double-stranded (ds)RNA molecules was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shifts assays (EMSAs). While NSs from tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) were able to bind small and long dsRNA molecules, the one from tomato yellow ring virus (TYRV), a distinct Asian tospovirus, only bound small dsRNA. Here, using bacterially expressed and purified NSs from GRSV and TYRV, it is shown that they are both able to bind to small and long dsRNA. Binding of siRNAs by NSs revealed two consecutive shifts, i.e. a first shift at low NSs concentrations followed by a second larger one at higher concentrations. When NSs of TSWV resistant inducer (RI) and resistant breaker (RB) isolates were analyzed using extracts from infected plants only a major siRNA shift was observed. In contrast, plant extracts containing the respective transiently expressed NSs proteins showed only the lower shift with NSs(RI) but no shift with NSs(RB). The observed affinity for RNA duplexes, as well as the two-stepwise shift pattern, is discussed in light of NSs as a suppressor of silencing and its importance for tospovirus infection.
Marcio Hedil; Dryas de Ronde; Richard Kormelink. Biochemical analysis of NSs from different tospoviruses. Virus Research 2017, 242, 149 -155.
AMA StyleMarcio Hedil, Dryas de Ronde, Richard Kormelink. Biochemical analysis of NSs from different tospoviruses. Virus Research. 2017; 242 ():149-155.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcio Hedil; Dryas de Ronde; Richard Kormelink. 2017. "Biochemical analysis of NSs from different tospoviruses." Virus Research 242, no. : 149-155.
The cell-to-cell movement protein (NS) of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been recently identified as the effector of the single dominant Sw-5b resistance gene from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Although most TSWV isolates shows a resistance-inducing (RI) phenotype, regular reports have appeared on the emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) isolates in tomato fields, and suggested a strong association with two point mutations (C118Y and T120N) in the NS protein. In this study the Sw-5b gene has been demonstrated to confer not only resistance against TSWV but to members of five additional, phylogenetically-related classified within the so-called "American" evolutionary clade, i.e., Alstroemeria necrotic streak virus (ANSV), chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV). Remarkably, bean necrotic mosaic virus (BeNMV), a recently discovered tospovirus classified in a distinct American subclade and circulating on the American continent, did not trigger a Sw-5b-mediated hypersensitive (HR) response. Introduction of point mutations C118Y and T120N into the NS protein of TSWV, TCSV and CSNV abrogated the ability to trigger Sw-5b-mediated HR in both transgenic-N. benthamiana and tomato isolines harboring the Sw-5b gene whereas it had no effect on BeNMV NS. Truncated versions of TSWV NS lacking motifs associated with tubule formation, cell-to-cell or systemic viral movement were made and tested for triggering of resistance. HR was still observed with truncated NS proteins lacking 50 amino acids (out of 301) from either the amino- or carboxy-terminal end. These data altogether indicate the importance of amino acid residues C118 and T120 in Sw-5b-mediated HR only for the NS proteins from one cluster of tospoviruses within the American clade, and that the ability to support viral cell-to-cell movement is not required for effector functionality.
Mikhail Oliveira Leastro; Athos Silva De Oliveira; Vicente Pallás; Jesús A. Sánchez-Navarro; Richard Kormelink; Renato Oliveira Resende. The NSm proteins of phylogenetically related tospoviruses trigger Sw-5b–mediated resistance dissociated of their cell-to-cell movement function. Virus Research 2017, 240, 25 -34.
AMA StyleMikhail Oliveira Leastro, Athos Silva De Oliveira, Vicente Pallás, Jesús A. Sánchez-Navarro, Richard Kormelink, Renato Oliveira Resende. The NSm proteins of phylogenetically related tospoviruses trigger Sw-5b–mediated resistance dissociated of their cell-to-cell movement function. Virus Research. 2017; 240 ():25-34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMikhail Oliveira Leastro; Athos Silva De Oliveira; Vicente Pallás; Jesús A. Sánchez-Navarro; Richard Kormelink; Renato Oliveira Resende. 2017. "The NSm proteins of phylogenetically related tospoviruses trigger Sw-5b–mediated resistance dissociated of their cell-to-cell movement function." Virus Research 240, no. : 25-34.