Although efforts have been made to connect the conservation of protected areas (PAs) to the livelihoods of people living in adjacent localities through sustainable tourism development, the debate is still evolving and inconclusive. This special issue contributes to the discourse by endeavouring to advance discussions on relationships that exist between protected areas, tourism and community livelihoods. This paper synthesizes accomplishments and challenges that exist in studying linkages between PAs, tourism and community livelihoods, which to date have been sporadic and mostly atheoretical. Empirical evidence from different researchers are highlighted to guide interested stakeholders, policy planners and practitioners to glean and adapt their strategies to achieve integrated conservation and community development. The linkages between PAs, tourism and community livelihoods can best be understood by considering different theories, conceptual frameworks and methodologies used to understand the relationship dynamics with a view to resolve the demands of livelihoods and conservation that have been advanced over the last fifty years.

Savanna woodlands make a significant contribution to rural households’ livelihoods, providing a wide range of resources as well as generating income. However, the sustainability of the woodland ecosystem is generally affected by the human harvesting intensities. This study aimed at quantifying the woodland resource extraction rates and its effects on woodland structure and density. Data were collected from households using a semi-structured questionnaire, key informant interviews, and from 128 rectangular plots measuring 30 m × 30 m. Vegetation parameters, such as tree density, tree height, diameter at breast height, species, stump density, and stump diameter, were recorded. The results of the study revealed that a total of 649 woody stumps were recorded, with an average of 56 trees removed per hectare. The findings showed that the intensities of stumps varied widely, with a high number of stumps recorded at a distance of 10–15 km from the settlements, where major land-use activities are fuelwood extraction, cultivation, and livestock farming. The results also showed that the increased commercial fuelwood production led to cutting of large mopane trees, which is an indicator of unsustainable harvesting. Based on the harvest rates provided by the respondents, results showed that large quantities of fuelwood were harvested for trading, which could put pressure on the woodland ecosystem, consequently resulting in woodland degradation. This study provides forest and range resource managers with valuable information on the quantities of stumps as an indication of tree removals and could be useful in developing effective monitoring strategies and promoting sustainable forest and woodland management.