We report a coupling reaction of thioamides and sulfonyl azides to generate sulfonyl amidines in the absence of any activation additives. The reaction progresses in various solvents under mild conditions. Water exhibits the highest performance with respect to efficiency.

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a significant danger to global health, and the need for more effective antimicrobial resistance (AMR) control has been highlighted. Cinnamic acid is abundant in plant products and is a potential starting material for further modification, focusing on the development of new antimicrobial compounds. In the following review, we describe the classification of critical antibacterial-guided reactions applied to the main skeleton structure of cinnamic acid derivatives over the last decade. Of all of the main parts of cinnamic acids, the phenyl ring and the carboxylic group significantly affect antibacterial activity. The results presented in the following review can provide valuable insights into considerable features in the organic modification of cinnamic acids related to antibacterial medication development and the food industry.

This research aims to develop the formulation of Dissolving Microneedle Piperine (DMNs PIP) and evaluate the effect of polymer concentration on characterisation and permeation testing results in ex vivo. DMNs PIP were prepared from varying concentrations of piperine (PIP) (10, 15, and 20% w/w) and polymers of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA): Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (30:60 and 60:25), respectively. Then the morphological evaluation of the formula was carried out, followed by mechanical strength testing. Furthermore, the density, LOD, and weight percentage of piperine in the dried microneedle were calculated and the determination of volume, needle weight and piperine weight and analysed. Ex vivo testing, X-Ray Diffraction, FTIR and hemolysis tests were carried out. PIP with PVA and PVP (F1) polymers produced DMN with mechanical strength (8.35 ± 0.11%) and good penetration ability. In vitro tests showed that the F1 polymer mixture gave good penetration (95.02 ± 1.42 μg/cm2), significantly higher than the F2, F3, F4, and F5 polymer mixtures. The DMNs PIP characterisation results through XRD analysis showed a distinctive peak in the 20-30 region, indicating the presence of crystals. The FTIR study showed that the characteristics of piperine found in DMNs PIP indicated that piperine did not undergo interactions with polymers. The results of the ex vivo study through DMNs PIP hemolytic testing showed no hemolysis occurred, with the hemolysis index below the 5% threshold reported in the literature. These findings indicate that DMNs PIP is non-toxic and safe to use as alternative for treating inflammation.

Diabetes mellitus and its complications are among the primary causes of death and disability. Retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and neuropathy develop progressively with prolonged hyperglycemia. Finding an effective and secure drug with fewer side effects to handle diabetes-related complications is necessary. Numerous scientists are launching new initiatives to investigate plant sources, which are known to contain a vast array of active agents. An edible marine algae, Caulerpa racemosa, was reported to have bioactivities including antidiabetes, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective. Consequently, the current study was conducted to investigate bisindoles from Caulerpa racemosa using in silico method. Five bisindoles such as caulerpin, caulersin, racemosin A, racemosin B and racemosin C were selected to be anticipated their interaction binding mode and interaction energies toward protein targets associated with NF−κB such as TAK1 (7NTI), NIK (4IDV) and MMP−9 (4H3X) using AutoDock Vina integrated with Chimera, while their predicted ADMET were proceeded using web tool pkCSM. The result indicated that caulerpin all the compounds were predicted to interact molecularly with amino acids surrounding the binding site of protein targets. indicating the most favorable interaction with targets Predicted pharmakokinetics showed that most of the compounds meet the minimum standard parameters in ADMET properties. The findings suggested that bisindoles contained in Caulerpa racemosa might potentially to be used in treatment of diabetes-related complications

Structural properties and bonding characteristics of Mg doped ZnO by co- precipitation methods were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The analysis of FTIR showed peaks at 466.77 cm⁻¹ and 451.31 cm⁻¹ which correspond to the stretching of the oxygen bond in the ZnO structure and leads to defect formation by the oxygen atom detachment. This defect occupied by the Mg atom and proved by the widening of peak oxygen. The data XRD showed increasing the average size of ZnO crystal from 27.74 nm to 38.17 nm with the addition of 10% wt of Mg. These phenomena indicated agglomeration of the partial displacement of O^2- by Mg²⁺ in the MgZnO structure. This study showed simple methods to combine with Mg atom and ZnO to produce potential materials for catalytic applications.