As the world’s ecological situation worsens, the development of environmentally friendly renewable energy (RE) is becoming increasingly important. The main directions of scientific research devoted to the topic of RE are national socio-economic development of the country; development in the context of sustainable development; development policy and planning; evaluation of the achieved level of development; the situation in individual countries, etc. The analysis of literature sources conducted in this article shows that problems related to RE have not been sufficiently examined at the country or regional level, including in European Union (EU) countries. Such analysis helps to highlight regularities that are important for the further development of RE. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive methodology for the quantitative assessment of RE development during the period under review and to validate it using the example of EU countries. The present research was conducted based on the methodology proposed in this article. In order to adequately assess the development of RE, it is necessary to rely on its scale and changes that occurred during the considered period (CP), i.e., to examine this development as a process. It is reflected by two parameters—the intensity of development and uniformity. The first is determined based on a value that assesses not the RE activeness at the end of the CP, but the general nature of the fluctuations that occurred during it. The uniformity of development is the sum of the ratios of its ideal and actual development values at the end of the time periods (years). The generalized RE development index is obtained by combining the values of the above parameters in an appropriate way. This helped to highlight the regularities and trends in the further development of RE: First, the level of economic development achieved by the country, measured by the gross domestic product per capita (correlation coefficient r = 0.7), has a significant influence on the development of RE. Second, on average, developed EU countries produce 52% of the RE from all electricity production, while for developing EU countries, the figure is 42%. Third, the development of RE is 1.7 times faster in developed EU countries compared to developing EU countries. Fourth, the country’s economic development has a significant influence on the development of RE in developing countries. Based on the research conducted, some contradictory results regarding the interaction between RE and countries’ economic development have been clarified. The practical benefit of the methodology is manifested in the following aspects: allows for the identification of factors that promote or hinder RE development; allows for the prediction of measures for further RE development. Thus, the methodology can serve as a methodological basis for the assessment and analysis of RE development in countries.

Purpose – The purpose of the article was to analyse the impact of the enterprise adaptation stage on implemented strategy effectiveness. Research methodology – In the theoretical part the method of analysis and critical review of the literature was used. The technique used in the empirical study was paper-and-pencil interviewing (PAPI). In order to investigate relationships, the χ2 Pearson test and the Yule’s Coefficient of Association ϕ were employed. Findings – The article resulting underline the importance of the stage of adapting the enterprise in the strategy implementation process. The organisational structure, skills and knowledge, as well as organisational culture, have a particularly strong impact on the effectiveness of the strategy. Research has not confirmed any relationship between management style and resources. Research limitations – The empirical research was carried out on business organisations from a ranking of 500 innovative businesses of the Institute of Economics of the Polish Academy of Sciences list, what does not ensure that the indicated problems are characteristic for the average companies active in Poland. Practical implications – The obtained results became the basis for defining recommendations, which are practical guidelines for those trying to implement a strategy. It should be noted that the presented practical guidelines are not static research indications and will develop as the organisation and its environment change. Originality/Value – There is a lack of research in Poland, which is focused on the problem of adjusting enterprise in the strategy implementation.

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja wpływu pandemii ­COVID-19 na modele biznesu przedsiębiorstw sektora MŚP w Polsce. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Problemem badawczym jest analiza zmian w modelach biznesu przedsiębiorstw sektora MŚP w Polsce w związku z pandemią COVID-19. Zastosowana w artykule koncepcja badawcza opierała się na studiach literaturowych dotyczących istoty modeli biznesu i wpływie kryzysów na ich kształt oraz badaniach jakościowych, przy wykorzystaniu metody studium przypadku, pozwalających zdiagnozować zmiany w elementach modeli biznesu dokonanych pod wpływem pandemii COVID-19. PROCES WYWODU: W pierwszej części rozważań przedstawiono istotę modelu biznesu i elementy go strukturyzujące według różnych koncepcji. Następnie zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczące zmian w elementach modeli biznesu zgodnie ze strukturą Business Model Canvas. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na określenie sposobów reagowania na kryzys wywołany pandemią COVID-19 oraz ocenę elastyczności dostosowawczej badanych przedsiębiorstw. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Zmiany w elementach modeli biznesu badanych przedsiębiorstw miały charakter zarówno ilościowy, jak i jakościowy. Ilość i głębokość wprowadzanych zmian w dużej mierze zależała do sektora, w którym prowadziło działalność przedsiębiorstwo. Najwięcej zmian przedsiębiorstwa dokonały w elementach: segmenty klientów, struktura przychodów, partnerzy przedsiębiorstwa. Modyfikacje modeli biznesu miały charakter selektywny. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Przedsiębiorstwa sektora MŚP nie działając w skali porównywalnej do dużych przedsiębiorstw, część zmian w swoich modelach biznesu wprowadziły nie jako skutek strategii długofalowej, lecz w reakcji na bieżącą potrzebę. Wprowadzane zmiany często nie były spójne, co jest koniecznym warunkiem uzyskania efektu synergii pomiędzy poszczególnymi elementami.

Recently, the Member States of the European Union (EU) have found themselves in a controversial situation. On the one hand, national economic development is barely possible without increasing electricity consumption, whereas on the other we are facing increased use of natural resources (coal, oil, gas, wood), thermal effects, pollution and risks to human health. The European Green Deal is a response to the currently observed negative trends. The strategy aims to accelerate the economic development of the EU Member States, thus reducing electricity consumption. Objectives may include both the national economy and the electricity generation sector by applying advanced technologies and introducing innovations that increase output efficiency while reducing electricity costs. Assessing the current situation is vital for the successful implementation of the European Green Deal, i.e., by comparing the impact of electricity consumption on the economic development of the Member States. Thus, combining indicators for national economic development and the extent of electricity consumption into a single aggregate is necessary because electricity greatly affects economic development. The proposed methodology allows dividing the analysed EU Member States into three groups, in line with the degree of national economic development and the scope of electricity consumption in their economy sectors.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu = Research Papers of Wrocław University of Economics; 2018; Nr 538, s. 262-274