There is a high need for cognition on earthquake risk to improve the public’s risk knowledge and risk awareness, so that they can make right decisions and take quick actions regarding mitigation measures and adjustments. In this study, search engine query data from the Baidu Index were extracted to reveal the information search behaviors of the Chinese public regarding the earthquake risk from 2010 to 2012. The data were also analyzed to discuss the characteristics of need for cognition on a nationwide scale and over the long term. The results showed that (1) graphic representations of need for cognition adhere to a “half-peak pattern” before and after earthquake events and (2) dimensions in psychological distance theory, such as temporal distance (time span between earthquakes), spatial distance, and social distance (geographic location) influence the need for cognition on earthquake risk that was the time and spatial discount effect. The implications for theory and practice regarding risk communication and management are discussed and concluded.

Efficient risk communication is aimed at improving the supply of risk information to meet the information needs of individuals, thus reducing their vulnerability when facing the risk of emergency. There is little information available in the literature regarding information preference from an individual’s need perspective, and there is a lack of differentiation in evaluation between information need and supply. Under the guidance of the crisis stage analysis theory, using multiple response analysis and weighted analysis methods, this study explores earthquake disaster information content and communication channel preferences, and develops an information deviation index (IDI) to evaluate the efficiency of risk communication before, during, and after an earthquake. A questionnaire-based survey of 918 valid respondents in Songyuan, China, which had been hit by a small earthquake swarm, was conducted to provide practical evidence for this study. The results indicated the following. Firstly, the information needs of individuals are highly differentiated in the different stages of an earthquake. From pre-disaster to post-disaster, individuals show a shift in information need from “preparedness and response knowledge” to “disaster information”, then to “disaster information and disaster relief information” in parallel, to “reconstruction and reflection information”. Based on the above analysis, a composition of the main earthquake disaster information is proposed for different stages. Secondly, by measuring the values of the IDI, we found that most individuals’ information needs were met for the earthquake. Thirdly, the TV and the internet were the two preferred commutation channels for acquiring disaster information from among all the effective channels in all the stages.

From a postmodernist perspective, tourist experience is a subjective construct related to numerous aspects. Tourists can generate either positive or negative emotions from their experiences, and negative experiences are not exclusive to satisfied tourists. This study analyzes the negative experiences of tourists with different satisfaction levels. Lijiang Old Town was chosen to conduct the case study. A computer-assisted content analysis method was used to identify and analyze the negative experience themes. The attitudes of tourists with different satisfaction levels towards these themes are discussed. The results indicate that people understand the meaning and value of a destination uniquely. The main negative experience themes of Lijiang Old Town include touristy aspects, commercialization, lack of authenticity, and the ease of getting lost. Tourists with different satisfaction levels share these negative comments, while their perceptions and attitudes of each theme are quite different. Tourists have a similar perception of “commercialization” and “lack of authenticity” in Lijiang. Tourists with low satisfaction complain about the experience brought by “touristy” and “easy to get lost”, while highly satisfied tourists appreciate the similar experiences. “One man’s trash is another man’s treasure” is a common phenomenon in the tourism context. This study enhances the personalization attribute of tourist experience. The negative feedbacks of tourists should be dealt with according to the specific situation.

The walking accessibility of primary healthcare institutions (PHCIs) is a pivotal determinant of health equity. However, prior studies often lack a comprehensive assessment that integrates the spatiotemporal dynamics of both multi-faceted supply and multi-scenario demand. To bridge this gap, this study develops an enhanced two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA-MSD) that concurrently incorporates multiple types of service supply and multiple temporal demand scenarios to quantify PHCI walking accessibility, with equity evaluated using the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve. The results indicate that: (1) Both supply and demand exhibit pronounced spatiotemporal inequalities. (2) Walking accessibility varies substantially across scenarios; Health services for vulnerable groups (Service B) exhibit the highest walking accessibility across all three supply scenarios, while the morning work scenario demonstrates the best walking accessibility among the four demand scenarios. (3) Gini coefficients exceeding 0.5 across all scenarios reveal severe resource allocation inequity. By establishing a dynamic supply–demand integration framework, this research advances methodological precision in accessibility evaluation, uncovers critical spatiotemporal mismatch patterns, and provides actionable insights for optimizing PHCI planning to promote spatial justice in urban health.

In recent years, youth evening schools have proliferated across China as a novel public cultural practice, serving as an important platform for youth development, lifelong learning, and youth-friendly urban initiatives. Existing research has predominantly focused on macro-policy, organizational arrangements, and social outcomes, while studies centered on youth participants remain are limited. In particular, empirical inquiry into the motivational and formative mechanisms underlying youth participation is insufficient. Drawing on Leisure Constraint Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study employs structural equation modeling to examine the key constraints on youth participation and test the mediating role of attitudinal perception. A questionnaire survey of 215 youth participants in Shenyang, China, provides the empirical basis for the analysis. Results indicated that intrapersonal, interpersonal, structural, and experiential constraints all negatively affect participation behavior. In contrast, attitudinal perception exerts a significant positive influence. Furthermore, these constraints collectively suppress youth participation indirectly by attenuating attitudinal perception, with structural constraints exhibiting the strongest mediation effect via this pathway. Notably, intrapersonal constraints not only intensify structural constraints by reinforcing interpersonal constraints, but also directly exacerbate them. This finding challenges the unidirectionality of hierarchical constraint models by revealing a bidirectional reinforcement loop: intrapersonal and structural constraints reciprocally amplify one another, bypassing constraint negotiation processes and suppressing participation intentions at their source. Based on these results, we draw out the theoretical and practical implications and suggest directions for future research.