The emergence and development of resistance to antibiotics in periodontal pathogens have affected the success rate of treatment for periodontitis. The development of new antibacterial strategies is urgently needed to help control and treat periodontal disease, and dental plaque microbiome studies offer a promising new angle of attack.

Treatment for keratitis is based on appropriate antimicrobial therapy. A direct correlation between antibiotic use and the extent of antibiotic resistance has been reported.

Recently, WGS of many human and animal pathogens has been successfully used to investigate microbial outbreaks. The cgMLST schema are powerful genotyping tools that can be used to investigate potential epidemics and provide classification of the strains precise and reliable.

Refraction disorders (RD), which includes myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia, is the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. Uncorrected RD is the leading cause of moderate and severe vision loss. However, existing studies have only analyzed the burden of RD at the global level, lacking analysis at the national level and specific populations. This study used data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) report to analyze regional differences and trends in the burden of RD among children, adolescents, and the elderly at the national level. GBD 2021 data were used to examine RD burden in these groups, exploring associations with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analyzing inequality trends. Decomposition analysis was applied, frontier analysis identified potential burden reductions, and Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) Models were used to forecast future trends. From 1990 to 2021, RD cases increased from 21.48 million to 24.45 million (a 13.8% increase) in children and adolescents, and from 29.26 million to 60.82 million (an increase of 107.87%) in the elderly. Decomposition analysis also revealed that population growth was the primary driver of the increased RD burden in both age groups. In regions with Middle, High-middle, and High SDI, the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of Age-Standardized Prevalence Rate (ASPR) in children and adolescents was positive, indicating an upward trend in the burden of RD. RD burden differed by age and region: higher SDI regions had a heavier burden in children and adolescents, while lower-income countries faced a greater burden in the elderly. Health inequalities became more evident in children and adolescents, while slightly lessened in the elderly. Overall, the RD burden was higher in the elderly compared to children and adolescents. By 2030, global RD cases are projected to reach 24.21 million in children and adolescents and 79.70 million in the elderly (31.05% increase expected), with countries like India, China, Oman, Paraguay, and Congo facing significant challenges. In addition, countries such as India, Spain, Bangladesh and others pay special attention to the male burden. The current RD burden is serious and requires targeted management strategies, especially in High SDI regions for children and adolescents and in Low-middle SDI regions for the elderly. The male burden in some high-burden areas cannot be ignored.

Background: High alcohol use (HAU) is a major global public health concern, contributing to injuries such as Self-harm and interpersonal violence (SIV), Transport injuries (TI), and Unintentional injuries (UII). However, comprehensive global assessments of HAU-related injury burden remain limited.Methods: Using data from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, we estimated HAU-related mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and regions. We analyzed trends in Age-Standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years Rate (ASDR) and Age-Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR), examined Socio-demographic index (SDI) disparities, and employed age-period-cohort (APC) and Bayesian APC (BAPC) models for future projections. Frontier analysis identified countries with the greatest potential for burden reduction.Results: Despite the decline in ASDR and ASMR in overall global injuries, Low-middle SDI regions continue to experience increasing SIV and TI burdens (ASDR rose from 57.25 to 70.55; 25.08 to 30.8 respectively), while UII remains high in High-middle and High SDI countries (The ASDR were 57.94 and 59.12 respectively). Young adults and the elderly bear the greatest burden. BAPC projections indicate that China, India, and several high-burden nations will see further increases in DALYs and ASDR by 2030, highlighting the need for urgent interventions.Conclusion: Targeted policy measures, such as raising the legal drinking age, strengthening alcohol control for young people in Low and Low-middle-SDI regions, and enhancing older adults healthcare services in High-SDI regions, are essential to mitigate HAU-related injuries. Evidence-based, SDI-adapted strategies can significantly reduce this burden.