With a growing population, changes in consumerism behavior and trends in consumption in Indo-Pacific Asia, our seafood processing and consumption practices produce a large volume of waste products. There are several advantages in regulating and sustaining shellfish processing industries. The major advantage of waste management is that it leads to better conservation of natural resources in the long run. Shrimp shell waste contains useful biomaterials, which are still untapped due to inadequate waste disposal and solid waste management. Chitin, the major component of shell waste, can be extracted either chemically or biologically. The chemical extraction approaches, which use acids and alkali, could be an environmental burden. On the other hand, biological methods can be eco-friendly alternatives for shell waste management. In this review, recent trends in management of shellfish waste as sources of chitin, conversion of chitin into chitosan, economic aspects of waste treatment and application of chitosan will be discussed.

Recent advancements in the understanding of how sperm develop into offspring have shown complex interactions between environmental influences and genetic factors. The past decade, marked by a research surge, has not only highlighted the profound impact of paternal contributions on fertility and reproductive outcomes but also revolutionized our comprehension by unveiling how parental factors sculpt traits in successive generations through mechanisms that extend beyond traditional inheritance patterns. Studies have shown that offspring are more susceptible to environmental factors, especially during critical phases of growth. While these factors are broadly detrimental to health, their effects are especially acute during these periods. Moving beyond the immutable nature of the genome, the epigenetic profile of cells emerges as a dynamic architecture. This flexibility renders it susceptible to environmental disruptions. The primary objective of this review is to shed light on the diverse processes through which environmental agents affect male reproductive capacity. Additionally, it explores the consequences of paternal environmental interactions, demonstrating how interactions can reverberate in the offspring. It encompasses direct genetic changes as well as a broad spectrum of epigenetic adaptations. By consolidating current empirically supported research, it offers an exhaustive perspective on the interwoven trajectories of the environment, genetics, and epigenetics in the elaborate transition from sperm to offspring.

Rising global infertility rates have amplified the dependence on assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) for conception. This necessitates a thorough examination of fertility drug effects on reproductive health. This review explores the impact of fertility drugs, such as antioxidants, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents, on oxidative stress (OS), reproductive irregularities, and treatment outcomes. While antioxidants can potentially improve reproductive outcomes by modulating OS, excessive consumption can lead to the ‘antioxidant paradox’ — a delicate balance between external antioxidant intake, OS reduction, and its effects on fertility. Moreover, some antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs can intensify OS, possibly exacerbating reproductive issues. The article emphasizes the complex relationship between fertility drugs and ovarian stimulation, highlighting the need for personalized treatments and careful weighing of the advantages and drawbacks of fertility interventions. This review emphasizes the intricate relationship among fertility drugs, ovarian stimulation, and semen quality, advocating for personalized treatment plans and a thorough assessment of the benefits and drawbacks of fertility interventions. The comprehensive insights obtained from this extensive review aims to aid clinical protocols and support informed decisions in reproductive medicine. URN:NBN:sciencein.jist.2024.v12.756

: Wound healing is an elaborated process, well-regulated via cell migration and proliferation. Although the physiological basics of wound healing have been thoroughly investigated and reported, much remain to be studied. Particularly, various studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory roles of exosomes derived from plant cells, mammalian cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the healing and repair system. The paracrine and therapeutic effects of exosomes are mainly associated with the broad exosomal cargo content comprising of growth factors, cytokines, enzymes, nucleic acids, proteins and lipid signaling molecules. Nevertheless, functional or mechanism pathway of exosomes with reference to overall exosomal cargo remains undetermined. To date, combinatorial analysis strategies employing Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), STRING tools, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, as well as Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) have been applied in elucidating network interaction and functional pathway of exosomes. In this review paper, application of combinatorial analysis strategies is demonstrated to better understand on the therapeutic potentials of exosomes in wound healing process. In conclusion, functional modulation of exosomal cargo for specify biological treatment is achievable, modelling of combinatorial analysis strategies will hopefully bridge the research gap and provides a paradigm shift to regenerative processes.

Exosomes and liposomes are vesicular nanoparticles that can encapsulate functional cargo. The chemical similarities between naturally occurring exosomes and synthetic liposomes have accelerated the development of exosome mimetics as a therapeutic drug delivery platform under physiological and pathological environments. To maximise the applications of exosomes and liposomes in the clinical setting, it is essential to look into their basic chemical properties and utilise these characteristics to optimise the preparation, loading, modification and hybridisation. This review summarises the chemical and biological properties of both exosomal and liposomal systems as well as some of the challenges related to their production and application. This article concludes with a discussion on potential perspectives for the integration of exosomal and liposomal technologies in mapping better approaches for their biomedical use, especially in therapeutics.

Background. Saliva, as a complex biofluid, plays a pivotal role in maintaining oral health and tooth integrity. There has been inconsistent data available on the relationship between salivary parameters and oral health. This study aims to investigate the association between salivary statherin, acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRP), and calcium with oral hygiene status. Methods. One hundred and eighty-eight healthy subjects aged between 18 and 50 years with varying oral hygiene status who gave consent to participate were included in this cross-sectional study. The subjects were recruited from primary oral health care of MAHSA University. Oral hygiene of all the participants was measured using Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S). Stimulated saliva collected using paraffin wax was analyzed for salivary statherin, aPRP, and calcium. The relationship between salivary statherin, aPRP, and calcium levels with OHI-S was assessed using Spearman's Rank correlation coefficient; the strength of relationship was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results. The study found a weak positive correlation (r = 0.179, p= 0.014) between salivary statherin and OHI-S; weak negative correlation (r= -0.187, p = 0.010) between salivary aPRP and OHI-S; and moderate negative correlation between salivary statherin and salivary aPRP levels (r = -0.50, p < 0.001) which were statistically significant. Conclusion. Poor oral hygiene is associated with increased statherin and reduced aPRP levels in saliva. Thus, these salivary components may have a role in predicting oral hygiene status.