Cellulose and Nanocellulose acetate (NCA) have attractive novel properties like excellent mechanical properties, rich hydroxyl groups for modification, and natural properties with environmental friendliness. Cellulose was extracted from rice straw wastes as an extra value, then it had been further transformed into NCA using the acidic hydrolysis technique. The structural, crystalline, morphological, were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹HNMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning microscopy, respectively. The particle size of the Nanocellulose extracted from rice straw was about 22 nm with a spherical shape. Development membranes were prepared with different concentrations of NCA to improve the performance and the anti-biofouling properties of cellulose acetate reverse osmosis (RO) membranes using a phase inversion technique. The structural of membranes were characterized by FTIR, water contact angle measurements, while the anti-biofouling properties were studied by static protein adsorption. The results indicated the development membrane features a lower contact angle accomplished with exhibits pore-forming ability and enhanced hydrophilicity of prepared membrane, furthermore the development cellulose acetate reverse osmosis (CA-RO) membranes with 40:60% RNCA:CA produced a salt rejection of 97.4% and a water flux of 2.2 L/m² h. the development membrane have resists effectively protein adsorption and microbial growth showed from the results of Static protein adsorption.

Thin film composite (TFC) polyamide membranes are crucial for efficient reverse osmosis (RO) desalination, offering high selectivity and permeability. This study investigates the fabrication and optimization of TFC membranes on polysulfone supports, focusing on their structural, morphological, and performance properties for enhanced desalination efficiency using the phase inversion technique, a method that enables precise control over membrane structure. Key fabrication parameters including the concentrations of m-phenylene diamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC), and the immersion times for both monomers were systematically varied to investigate their impact on membrane hydrophilicity, morphology, and structure. Hydrophilicity was assessed via contact angle measurements, Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphology (SEM), and structural properties were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The RO membranes’ desalination performance was evaluated by measuring water flux and salt rejection in a cross-flow setup with saline water (10,000 ppm) under controlled processing conditions. Results indicated that variations in MPD and TMC concentrations, as well as immersion times, significantly influenced membrane hydrophilicity and pore structure, affecting water flux and salt rejection. The maximum salt rejection and water flux for the prepared thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane were 98.6% and 19.1 L/m² h, respectively obtained at m-phenylenediamine concentration of 2 wt% and tri mesoyl chloride concentration of 0.1 wt/v reacted for 1 min. The study provides insights into optimizing TFC-RO membrane fabrication parameters to enhance desalination efficiency, highlighting the potential of these membranes for high-performance RO desalination applications.