Echinococcoses require the involvement of specialists from nearly all disciplines; standardization of the terminology used in the field is thus crucial. To harmonize echinococcosis terminology on sound scientific and linguistic grounds, the World Association of Echinococcosis launched a Formal Consensus process. Under the coordination of a Steering and Writing Group (SWG), a Consultation and Rating Group (CRG) had the main missions of (1) providing input on the list of terms drafted by the SWG, taking into account the available literature and the participants’ experience; and (2) providing independent rating on all debated terms submitted to vote. The mission of the Reading and Review Group (RRG) was to give an opinion about the recommendation paper in terms of readability, acceptability and applicability. The main achievements of this process were: (1) an update of the current nomenclature of Echinococcus spp.; (2) an agreement on three names of diseases due to Echinococcus spp.: Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) and Neotropical Echinococcosis (NE), and the exclusion of all other names; (3) an agreement on the restricted use of the adjective “hydatid” to refer to the cyst and fluid due to E. granulosus sensu lato; and (4) an agreement on a standardized description of the surgical operations for CE, according to the “Approach, cyst Opening, Resection, and Completeness” (AORC) framework. In addition, 95 “approved” and 60 “rejected” terms were listed. The recommendations provided in this paper will be applicable to scientific publications in English and communication with professionals. They will be used for translation into other languages spoken in endemic countries.

This study was conducted to assess the protoscolicidal effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on protoscoleces of hydatid cysts in vitro. Viability of protoscoleces was determined, as the percent of viable protoscoleces to the total protoscoleces in 1 ml of the hydatid fluid, using eosin stain method. Four types of garlic extracts including: aquaus extract, chloroform extract (with two concentrations) and hydro-alcoholic extract along with cetrimide and silver nitrate as positive control, and normal saline as negative control, were used in this study. In vitro tests were performed at 37 degrees C with exposure times of 30 minutes, one, two, four, and six hours. The protoscolecidal activity of the used materials was determined by counting of 250 protoscoleces. The mean percent and standard deviation (SD) of protoscolecidal activity of different used materials were as follows: cetrimide: 100 +/- 00, garlic chloroform extract with 200 mg/ml concentration: 99.58 +/- 1.63, garlic chloroform extract with 100 mg/ml concentration: 96.06 +/- 7.28, silver nitrate: 95.91 +/- 7.11, garlic hydro-alcoholic extract: 59.82 +/- 21.48, garlic simple extract: 40.91 +/- 18.1, and of saline: 16.01 +/- 6.25. The protoscolecidal activity increased by the time of exposure. Results of this study showed that chloroform extract of garlic with 200 mg/ml concentration have the highest and simple extract of garlic have the lowest protoscolecidal activity.

Background: Toxocariasis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases caused byToxocaralarva stage in humans. One of the major transmission routes of infection, especially in children is pica. The aim of this topic was study the contamination of Abadan public parks withToxocaraeggs.Materials and methods: Two hundred and ninety one samples of soil were collected from 31 parks. The samples were examined forToxocaraspp. eggs by modified floatation method using saturated sucrose. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 19 and Chi-square test.Results: Eighty five (29.2%) out of 291 samples were infected withToxocaraspp. eggs, means19 (61.2%) of the 31 parks were contaminated. There was no significant difference between the urban and suburb parks contamination (p = 0.208) but there was significant relation between contamination withToxocaraspp. eggs and traces of cats and dogs presence in the parks (p = 0.001).Conclusion: As the contamination of Abadan public parks soil withToxocaraspp. eggs is relatively high, the people and specially children might get the contamination during stay in the parks and measures should be taken to control the stray cats and dogs.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by infection with Echinococcus granulosus is of major concern for humans in many parts of the world. Antigen B was prepared from E. granulosus hydatid fluid, and Western blots confirmed eight batches showing a band corresponding to the 8-/12-kDa subunit with positive serum and no low-molecular mass band (< 15 kDa) with negative serum. The batches were pooled and used to prepare lateral flow immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) and IgG dipsticks. Diagnostic sensitivity was determined using serum samples from 21 hydatidosis patients, and diagnostic specificity was established using sera from 17 individuals infected with other parasites and 15 healthy people. IgG4 dipstick had a diagnostic sensitivity of 95% (20 of 21) and a specificity of 100% (32 of 32). The IgG dipstick had a sensitivity of 100% (21 of 21) and a specificity of 87.5% (28 of 32). Thus, both IgG and IgG4 dipsticks had high sensitivities, but IgG4 had greater specificity for the diagnosis of human CE.