Digital device usage has increased significantly in last decade among all age groups, both for educational and recreational purposes. Computer vision syndrome (CVS), also known as digital eye strain (DES), represents a range of ocular, musculoskeletal, and behavioral conditions caused by prolonged use of devices with digital screens. This paper reviews the principal environmental, ocular, and musculoskeletal causes for this condition. Due to the high prevalence of DES and frequent usage of digital devices, it is important that eye care practitioners be able to provide advice and management options based on quality research evidence.

The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been increasing among young people in developing countries over the last years. With the continuous development of new technology, the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients has received new parameters that physicians may use in their practice. This paper reviews the main biomarkers identified through Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) involved in the development and progression of MS and investigates the role it may have in detecting changes to the central nervous system (CNS).

Pediatric myopia affects more and more children in Asia, USA and other countries. There is no standard protocol for the therapy but pediatric ophthalmologists try to decrease myopia progression using different methods. Myopia in children is more and more frequent and the onset age has decreased over time, leading to a greater chance to progression into high diopters for spectacles or contact lenses and also other ocular complications. Regarding this issue, the aim of this paper was to underline the new therapeutic regimens for correcting and slowing pediatric myopia progression.

Background: Numerous conditions, both physiological and pathological, can influence changes in the retinal vascular architecture. In order to be able to highlight pathological aspects of systemic diseases with ocular activity, it is necessary to understand how physiological fluctuations can influence circulation at the retinal level. The present study attempts to evaluate retinal and choroidal vascular and structural changes in healthy female subjects over the course of a menstrual cycle using OCT-A. Methods: We analyzed 22 eyes from healthy reproductive women with a regular menstrual cycle. We performed five OCT-A scans of the subjects every 7–8 days over the course of a month starting from the first day of the menstrual cycle and ending with the first day of the next cycle, measuring perfusion density in the superficial and deep vascular plexuses, choroidal thickness, and FAZ perimeter. Results: There are physiological variations in retinal hemodynamics that can be identified using OCT-A, choroidal thickness having statistically significant increased values in the parafoveal nasal sector during the ovulatory phase (289.18 µm) compared to the early follicular phase (281.9 µm), and the subfoveal sector during the ovulatory phase (319.04 µm) compared to the early follicular phase (308.27 µm). Conclusions: These findings along with abnormally small FAZ perimeters indicate that the menstrual cycle phase should be considered whenever interpreting OCT-A results. Further studies that include larger cohorts, control groups, and hormone serum levels are necessary to confirm and correlate retinal vascular alterations and the phase of the menstrual cycle using OCT-A.

Background: Nutritional imbalances significantly affect ocular physiology, contributing to dry eye disease, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and optic neuropathies. This review summarizes recent evidence on how micronutrient deficiencies and obesity influence eye health. Methods: A narrative search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect (last 10 years). Human studies evaluating associations between micronutrients, dietary patterns, obesity, and ocular diseases were included. Out of 843 records, 50 studies met the eligibility criteria. Results: Deficiencies in vitamins A, D, E, C, and B-complex were consistently linked to ocular surface inflammation, retinal oxidative stress, cataracts, AMD, and nutritional optic neuropathies. Altered levels of zinc, copper, selenium, and magnesium were associated with impaired photoreceptor function, glaucoma risk, and retinal degeneration. Obesity emerged as an independent risk factor for AMD, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. Evidence from AREDS/AREDS2 supports targeted antioxidant supplementation in intermediate AMD. Conclusions: Adequate nutritional status and metabolic balance play a critical role in preserving ocular health. Early detection and correction of deficiencies may prevent or slow the progression of several eye diseases. Further high-quality trials are needed to define optimal nutritional recommendations.

Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between the process of producing and removing reactive oxygen species (ROS). With advancing age or in certain situations where oxidative stress cannot be combated, various pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases or neoplasia may occur. Over the past decade, a surge of intriguing discoveries has linked subtoxic levels of oxidative stress to key processes, including the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, regulation of protective inflammation, and even the control of tissue wound healing. Given the complexity and limited understanding of oxidative mechanisms involved in human intestinal pathology, the relevance of experimental models becomes a critical consideration in efforts to elucidate these processes. Although diverse, none of these models fully replicate human digestive pathology; however, they remain valuable for developing new therapeutic strategies. This paper examines the main markers of oxidative stress and its mechanism and their impact on the intestinal tract, as well as the most widely used animal models that have contributed valuable insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).