Despite adopting diverse strategies and fabrication methods to prevent biofilm formation, the existing sophisticated fabrication methods for sole wettable or smart surfaces and their unsatisfactory anti-adhesive durability need to be improved for their practical applications. In this study, a new anti-biofilm strategy via spraying bacterially-anti-adhesive modified polystyrene (MPS)/Ag microspheres was proposed to construct two kinds of bacterially-anti-adhesive surfaces with tunable wettability to meet different requirements in various fields. These surfaces could be constructed on arbitrary surfaces of materials and devices by this facile spray-coating method. A hydrophilic-type surface was demonstrated to possess superior antibacterial and bacterially-anti-adhesive capabilities. More importantly, its bacterially-anti-adhesive mechanism was first illustrated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the resisting effect of the hydrated layer. These surfaces could be easily converted to hydrophobic-type surfaces with significantly enhanced bacterially-anti-adhesive properties. It is worth noting that underwater oleophobicity was first deemed to be a vital factor for bacterial anti-adhesion due to the lotus-like repelling effect, in addition to the outstanding self-cleaning properties and repellency of surfaces for various bacterial media. The contact/release-killing synergistic antibacterial model and resisting and repelling bacterially-anti-adhesive model were, thus, substantially elucidated. Importantly, these surfaces demonstrated an outstanding durable and robust resistance to mechanical damage and chemical attack. This fabrication method is expected to be flexibly applied to arbitrary substrates in practical fields.

Owing to their safety and low cost, magnesium ion batteries (MIBs) have attracted much attention in recent years. However, the sluggish diffusion dynamics of magnesium ions hampers the search for appropriate cathode materials with excellent electrochemical performance. Herein, we design and synthesize a novel flexible three-dimensional-networked composite of iron vanadate nanosheet arrays/carbon cloths (3D FeVO/CC) as a binder-free cathode for MIBs. Relative to bare FeVO nanosheets, the 3D binder-free electrode with designed architecture enables a full range of electrochemical potential, including a high specific capacity of 270 mA h g⁻¹ and an increased life span (over 5000 cycles). Such achievable high-density energy originates from the synergistic optimization of electron and ion kinetics, while the durability benefits from the robust structure that prevents degradation in cycling. The single-phase reaction mechanism of FeVO in the magnesium ion storage process is also explored by in-situ X-ray diffraction and Raman technologies. Moreover, a flexible MIB pouch cell (3D FeVO/CC|MgNaTi₃O₇) is assembled and exhibits practical application potential. This work verifies that 3D FeVO/CC is a potential candidate cathode material that can satisfy the requirements of high-performance MIBs. It also opens a new avenue to improve the electrochemical performance of cathode materials for MIBs.