Ola Didrik Saugstad is a Norwegian pediatrician and neonatologist who is internationally recognized for his research on the resuscitation of newborn children. He has been a Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Oslo and Director of the Department of Pediatric Research at the National Hospital from 1991 to 2017. Since 2018, he has also been an Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. He is a "world-renowned expert in neonatal medicine", particularly on hypoxia and purine metabolism, hypoxia-reoxygenation injury, the effect and mechanisms of oxygen radicals in the neonatal period, mechanisms of lung injury, and newborn resuscitation. In 2010, international guidelines for newborn resuscitation were amended, based on the research of Saugstad and his colleagues, to recommend the use of air in place of pure oxygen, a discovery that is estimated to save the lives of 200,000 newborn children each year.