Many human cancers develop as a result of exposure to risk factors related to the environment and ways of life. The aim of this study was to estimate attributable fractions of 25 types of cancers resulting from exposure to modifiable risk factors in Brazil. The prevalence of exposure to selected risk factors among adults was obtained from population-based surveys conducted from 2000 to 2008. Risk estimates were based on data drawn from meta-analyses or large, high quality studies. Population-attributable fractions (PAF) for a combination of risk factors, as well as the number of preventable deaths and cancer cases, were calculated for 2020. The known preventable risk factors studied will account for 34% of cancer cases among men and 35% among women in 2020, and for 46% and 39% deaths, respectively. The highest attributable fractions were estimated for tobacco smoking, infections, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, excess weight, reproductive factors, and physical inactivity. This is the first study to systematically estimate the fraction of cancer attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in Brazil. Strategies for primary prevention of tobacco smoking and control of infection and the promotion of a healthy diet and physical activity should be the main priorities in policies for cancer prevention in the country.

Resumo As Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) são as principais causas de morte no mundo, impactando fortemente sobre populações mais vulneráveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as mudanças nas prevalências dessas doenças, nas condições de saúde, acesso e utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil, entre 2008 e 2019. Como ferramenta analítica, foram utilizados testes de diferenças de proporções e modelos lineares generalizados, considerando amostragem complexa dos inquéritos da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2008, e da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), nos anos de 2013 e 2019, para testar mudanças no tempo das prevalências e estimar razões de prevalência, ajustadas por variáveis sociodemográficas. Houve aumento das prevalências de depressão, câncer, diabetes, distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos, problemas pulmonares crônicos e problemas osteomusculares. Houve redução de artrite reumatoide, insuficiência renal crônica e doenças do aparelho circulatório. Entre os brasileiros com pelo menos uma DCNT verificou-se aumento da cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família ao longo do tempo, no entanto verificou-se redução do atendimento médico em tempo oportuno e obtenção de medicamentos prescritos gratuitamente.

Resumo Este estudo transversal investigou a prevalência e os fatores associados ao diagnóstico de câncer de mama em estágio avançado entre 18.890 mulheres assistidas em hospital especializado da capital do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre os anos 1999 e 2016. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Apresentaram maiores prevalências de diagnóstico nessa condição mulheres com idade entre 20-39 e 40-49 anos, de raça/cor da pele preta e parda, que viviam sem companheiro(a), procedentes de outros municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, que tiveram o Sistema Único de Saúde como origem do encaminhamento e que foram diagnosticadas nos sexênios 1999-2004 e 2005-2010. Em contrapartida, mulheres com idade entre 60-69 e 70-99 anos, que cursaram algum nível de escolaridade, com histórico familiar de câncer e que chegaram ao hospital com diagnóstico e sem tratamento apresentaram menores prevalências de diagnóstico em estágio avançado. Esses resultados podem ser considerados no planejamento de ações de prevenção secundária, a fim de antecipar o diagnóstico de câncer de mama dos grupos mais vulneráveis e assim colaborar para a redução da prevalência do diagnóstico em estágio avançado.

Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected chronic parasitic infection and a public health problem that is preventable, and has serious complications. In this study, the effects of age, period and birth cohort (APC Effects) on the evolution of the mortality of that disease in Brazil, from 1980–2014, according to sex and geographic region of the country, were analyzed. Mortality forecasts from the years 2015 to 2034 were estimated. This is an ecological cross-sectional study in which death records and population data were extracted from the DATASUS (Department of Information Technology of the National Health System) website, in age groups from 20–24 years of age to 80 years and over, from 1980 to 2014. The rates were standardized according to age and sex distributions using the direct method. The APC models were estimated using the Bayesian approach, and the INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations) method was used for parameter inference. Super dispersion of the data was considered, and we included unstructured random terms in the models. During the analyzed period, there were 178,823 deaths in Brazil (3.85 annual deaths per 100,000 inhabitants). It was found that temporal effects on CD mortality varied by sex and region. In general, there was an increase in mortality rates up to 30 years of age, and the mortality rates were higher between 50 and 64 years of age. On average, men died five years younger than women. Mortality rates were highest in the Central West and Southeast regions. The Central West, Southeast and Southern regions had a reduction over time in the rate of CD deaths between 2000 and 2014. The mortality rate in the Northeast was not statistically different in any period analyzed, while the North had tendency to increase; however, a significant risk increase was only observed between 1995 and 1999. The rate of mortality was high in older birth cohorts. The overall prediction for the next two decades showed a progressive decline in CD mortality, which will be highest among the young. The expected average reduction was 76.1% compared to the last observed period (2010–2014) and the last predicted (2030–2034) period. The average reduction ranged from 86% in the 20–24 age group to 50% in the 80 and over age group. In the present study, a higher death rate was observed for ages above 30 years, especially 50 to 64 years, and in the older birth cohorts. We believe these results can be related to period effects of vector control actions and preventive and care measures by the health system of Brazil, in addition to demographic changes in the period. The differences among the regions reflect socioeconomic inequities and access to the healthcare systems in the Brazilian population. Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected chronic parasitic infection of great interest in public health, because it is preventable and has serious complications. In Brazil, despite the success obtained by controlling transmission by the T.infestans vector and by transfusion screening, the disease still affects more than 4 million people, with 6000 annual deaths. Studies that evaluate mortality from CD are an important indicator of the impact of the disease. However, studies in Brazil have not evaluated the effects of age, period and birth cohort (APC effects) separately to understand the importance and particularity of aspects related to the evolution of CD mortality over time. This study estimated the APC effects by sex and geographic region of Brazil in the period from 1980–2014 and estimated the mortality rates for two more decades (2015–2034). Using Bayesian hierarchical modeling, significant differences in temporal effects were found. The main findings were as follows: a) a progressive increase in the rate of CD death with increasing age, up to 30 years, with the highest mortality between 50 and 64 years; b) a generational effect, with a lower rate of death for younger cohorts; c) a reduction in the rate of CD death for the Central West, South and Southeast regions no statistical effect in the Northeast region, and increased risk in the North region since 2000; and d) a reduction in the mortality rates for the next 20 years, with rates being highest among the youngest age group. These results suggest the importance of the period effect on Chagas disease prevention and control measures, in addition to the expansion of health services access and the migration from endemic areas to non-endemic areas that has reduced population exposure to T.cruzi infection, especially in birth cohorts after the 1960s. In addition, differences among the regions of the country reflect the association of disease mortality with socioeconomic status, as well as inequities in access to healthcare by the Brazilian population.

Background: The role of ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19 is still under debate, yet the drug has been widely used in some parts of the world, as shown by impressive market data. The available body of evidence may have changed over the last months, as studies have been retracted and “standards of care” (SOC) used in control groups have changed with rapidly evolving knowledge on COVID-19. This review aims to summarize and critically appraise the evidence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ivermectin, assessing clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Methods: RCTs evaluating the effects of ivermectin in adult patients with COVID-19 were searched through June 22, 2022, in four databases, L.OVE platform, clinical trial registries and pre-prints platforms. Primary endpoints included all-cause mortality and invasive ventilation requirement. Secondary endpoint was the occurrence of adverse events. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Meta-analysis included only studies which compared ivermectin to placebo or SOC. Random-effects were used to pool the risk ratios (RRs) of individual trials. The quality of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. The protocol was register in PROSPERO (CRD42021257471). Results: Twenty-five RCTs fulfilled inclusion criteria (n = 6310). Of those, 14 compared ivermectin with placebo, in night ivermectin associated with SOC was compared to SOC and two studies compared ivermectin to an active comparator. Most RCTs had some concerns or high risk of bias, mostly due to lack of concealment of the randomization sequence and allocation, lack of blinding and high number of missing cases. Ivermectin did not show an effect in reducing mortality (RR = 0.76; 95%CI: 0.52–1.11) or mechanical ventilation (RR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.48–1.16). This effect was consistent when comparing ivermectin vs. placebo, and ivermectin associated with SOC vs. SOC, as well as in sensitivity analysis. Additionally, there was very low quality of evidence regarding adverse effects (RR = 1.07; 95%CI: 0.84–1.35). Conclusions: The evidence suggests that ivermectin does not reduce mortality risk and the risk of mechanical ventilation requirement. Although we did not observe an increase in the risk of adverse effects, the evidence is very uncertain regarding this endpoint.

Objective: To analyze the influence of shift work on blood pressure, the presence of burnout and common mental disorders in nursing professionals. Method: A cross-sectional study. Burnout was assessed by the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Common Mental Disorders by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire. Casual blood pressure measurement and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) were performed. Results: 231 professionals participated. The majority (59.7%) worked in shifts, and this condition was associated (p≤0.05) with: higher weekly workload; doing the night shift; shorter training and work time at the institution; alcoholism; leisure activity; and alteration in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring of the sleep period. The professionals with common mental disorders and who worked in shifts had lower casual diastolic pressure levels (p = 0.039) and higher hypertension prevalence (p = 0.045). The presence of emotional exhaustion was associated with normal waking blood pressure and depersonalization with altered sleep blood pressure. Conclusion: Shift work was associated with a higher prevalence of work-related negative factors, inadequate habits and lifestyles, and change in sleep blood pressure.