In recent years, the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ gasses into renewable fuels (e.g., ethylene, ethanol, and propanol) has attracted much attention. In this process, electrocatalysts play a crucial role in accelerating the CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) process. In this review, the role of electrocatalysts in the synthesis of C₂₊ products (e.g., ethanol, ethylene, and propanol) from CO₂ was investigated. To this end, various classifications of electrocatalysts such as metals, metal oxides, metal alloys, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), carbon-based electrocatalysts, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their utilization in CO₂ conversion into C₂₊ chemicals were fully investigated. Also, the impact of various factors such as catalyst stability, temperature, membrane type, pressure, current density, pH, and the type of electrolyte on the CO₂RR process to generate C₂₊ valuable products was investigated. Moreover, the mechanism of this process for producing renewable fuels was investigated. Furthermore, the limitations and future perspective of CO₂RR were surveyed. Finally, the industrial application of this process for producing value-added products was investigated. Based on our investigation, Cu and Cu₂O-based electrocatalysts are suitable catalysts for C₂₊ products, particularly ethylene and ethanol.

The formation of cracks in concrete structures occurs due to a multitude of causes ranging from shrinkage to external loading and environmental exposure. This phenomenon can significantly affect the lifecycle of concrete structures. Self-healing concrete (SHC) is considered a promoted innovation capable of overcoming this inevitable occurrence. In accordance with current SHC development processes, this paper utilizes the numerical simulation approach to test the performance of reinforced SHC beam specimens modeled using the commercial software ABAQUS 6.14 (Vélizy-Villacoublay, France). This paper aims to contribute to the scarce literature on SHC models by utilizing the overlooked dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) agent and ambiguous variability of crystalline admixtures. The SHC is introduced to the beam models at various depths and analyzed using load against displacement curves compared with a reference model of ordinary concrete. The effects of SHC on the mechanical properties of structural elements were determined. The results show a distinct improvement of the load-carrying capacity of SHC beams, indicating an efficient contribution of SHC in structural applications.

Organic waste poses a threat to the environment in the event of its repeated use; however, in this study, we converted it into a useful and environmentally safe source of fertilization. In addition to its fertilization ability, it exhibited a good ability to reduce water stress in cultivated plants in area in which irrigation is lacking and are suffering the impact of climate change. Two field experiments were conducted during the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons to study the effect of the regulated deficit irrigation strategy and organic N-fertilization ratio during wheat cultivation. The majority of the studied characteristics were slightly higher when irrigation was 75% FI as compared to 100% FI. When using organic nitrogen fertilization in addition to mineral nitrogen fertilization, at 50% organic to 50% mineral, it was possible to irrigate at 75% FI. In this scenario, productivity increased by 28.5% in 2019/2020, and 56% in 2020/2021. The model simulated the studied characteristics of the two seasons relatively well. In summary, the field and modeling results indicate that the use of organic waste in sustainable water management in dry areas has various benefits, including a higher yield and reduced use of chemical fertilizers by up to 50%. This was replaced with 50% organic nitrogen fertilizer produced from the compost from agricultural waste, which is abundant on all farms. These additional benefits increase the income for farmers, and reduce environmental pollution.

Estimating reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_o) is very important in the planning and scheduling of irrigation water. A simple method for the estimation of ET_o is needed, with fewer meteorological factors that are required for estimation using the Penmen–Monteith equation (PME). The aim of this study was to manage irrigation water in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia using a simple equation to estimate ET_o based on air temperature as an effective alternative to the PME. Four simple temperature-dependent equations proposed by Thornthwaite, Blaney-Criddle, Hamon and Linacre were selected for analysis. Of these four equations, the Linacre equation (LE) was found to be best for estimating ET_o. Although the ET_o rate was overestimated when using the LE compared with the PME, it had the lowest error percentage (9.55%) and the highest R² (0.97). After deducing a new and accurate equation based on the LE with the ability to estimate the ET_o rate, the modified LE produced values closest to the results obtained using the PME for the Al-Baha region. It can thus be relied upon for estimating irrigation needs in the Al-Baha region with the irrigation systems used in the region.