Ethosomal system is a lipid vesicular nanocarrier that hold a high concentration of alcohols. These nanocarriers are optimized for the dermal and transdermal delivery of medicinal drugs with various physicochemical features. Since its release in 1996, ethosomes have been subjected to subsequent studies to modify the original formula via the addition of different components, leading to the development of novel ethosomal system types. These new carriers are prepared via a variety of methods and characterized through different parameters, including vesicular size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and skin permeation. The ethosomes efficacy in dermal/transdermal administration is evaluated via clinical studies as well as a wide range of in vivo models. Ethosomal dispersions are frequently incorporated into topical preparations, including gels, patches, and lotions, due to their stability and convenience. This article provides a thorough overview of ethosomal systems from the standpoint of ethosomal types, beginning with classical ethosomes and progressing to binary ethosomes and transethosomes. In addition, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the components of the ethosomal system and their contribution to the final properties of ethosomes, besides highlighting the different methods of preparation and the common dosage forms used as ethosomes' vehicles.

This review explores the vital role of radioisotopes in contemporary healthcare. Radioisotopes, atoms with unstable nuclei emitting ionizing radiation, have become invaluable tools in modern medicine. Their unique properties allow for diagnosing and treating a wide range of diseases, revolutionizing healthcare and improving patient outcomes. This review explores the most commonly used radioisotopes, their characteristics, and their diverse applications in the diagnosis and treatment of different medical cases, highlighting the diagnostic techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that have since revolutionized imaging by enabling detailed visualization of metabolic activities and anatomical structures. Furthermore, it highlights the therapeutic application of targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT), which leverages the precision of radioisotopes to deliver radiation directly to diseased cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Finally, the challenges facing the use of radioisotopes are explored, along with the need for continued innovation and research to fully realize the potential of radioisotopes in healthcare.