Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) containing the amine-functionalized, zirconium-based metal–organic framework @silica (UiO-66-NH₂@SiO₂) and lithium, LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂ salt (LiTFSI) are prepared using a simple hot press method. The electrochemical properties such as compatibility of the electrolyte with the Li metal anode, Li transference number, and ionic conductivity are investigated for the different systems containing different relative concentrations of the additives. The incorporation of UiO-66-NH₂@SiO₂ in the PEO-LiTFSI matrix not only enhanced ionic conductivity by one order of magnitude but also offered better compatibility and suppressed the formation of lithium dendrites appreciably. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on post-cycled materials revealed the formation of lithium alkoxide (RO–Li) on the cathode and Li₂O on the anode. The coin cell (2032-type) consisting of LiFePO₄/CPE/Li with UiO-66-NH₂@SiO₂ as filler provided a discharge capacity of 151 mA h g^–1 at 0.1 C-rate at 60 °C, measurably higher than control experiments utilizing SiO₂ and UiO-66-NH₂. The notable enhancement of electrochemical properties when incorporating the UiO-66-NH₂@SiO₂ at the CPE was attributed to formation of more uniform ion conduction pockets and channels within the PEO matrix, facilitated by the presence of the microporous UiO-66-NH₂@SiO₂. The enhanced distribution of microporous channels, where Li ions are assumed to percolate through within the matrix, is assumed to desirably reduce formation of Li dendrites by increasing diffusion channels and therefore reducing crystallization and growth of dendrites at the electrode surface.

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film plays a significant role in the capacity and storage performance of lithium primary batteries. The electrolyte additives are essential in controlling the morphology, composition and structure of the SEI film. Herein, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is chosen as the additive, its effects on the lithium primary battery performance are investigated, and the relevant formation mechanism of SEI film is analyzed. By comparing the electrochemical performance of the Li/AlF₃ primary batteries and the microstructure of the Li anode surface under different conditions, the evolution model of the SEI film is established. The FEC additive can decrease the electrolyte decomposition and protect the lithium metal anode effectively. When an optimal 5% FEC is added, the discharge specific capacity of the Li/AlF₃ primary battery is 212.8 mAh g⁻¹, and the discharge specific capacities are respectively 205.7 and 122.3 mAh g⁻¹ after storage for 7 days at room temperature and 55 °C. Compared to primary electrolytes, the charge transfer resistance of the Li/AlF₃ batteries with FEC additive decreases, indicating that FEC is a promising electrolyte additive to effectively improve the SEI film, increase discharge-specific capacities and promote charge transfer of the lithium primary batteries.

A high-entropy design enhances ORR activity via structure and surface properties. An SOFC with a high-entropy cathode has a peak power density of 787.15 mW cm ⁻² at 800 °C and is stable for 100 hours.